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<p>
	In the past, Turkish used to have a verb 'to be', <strong>imek</strong>. 
	But in Modern Turkish, it only appears coupled with other suffixes and it mostly has the form <strong>y</strong>.
</p>
<p> A copula, is a form that attaches to nouns and verbs. Its function is to tie the subject of the sentence to the predicate of the sentence. For example, when
	you say "Kamil is stupid.", Kamil is the subject. Stupid is the predicate. "is" is the copula that links them and gives this sentence meaning. Thanks to <em>is</em>,
	we know that being stupid is done by Kamil.</p>
<p> In Modern Turkish, that <strong>imek</strong> turned into a copular marker <strong>y</strong>.</p>
<p>
	The suffixes that this copula attaches to are: <strong>-Dİ</strong>, <strong>-mİş</strong> and <strong>-sE</strong>. 
	If the word that these are attached to ends with a vowel, the form becomes <strong>-(y)Dİ</strong>, <strong>-(y)mİş</strong> and <strong>-(y)sE</strong>. 
	If it ends with a consonant, then we just simply drop the <strong>y</strong>.
	In this lesson, you will learn about <strong>-(y)Dİ</strong>.
</p>
<p>
	You have already learned that in the present tense, English and Turkish differ, as Turkish has no overt copular marker. 
</p>
<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>That car is new.</td>
            <td>O araba yeni. [Lit.] That car new.</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>
<p>
	But what if you want to say this sentence in past tense? Well, that is when we use the past copula.
</p>
<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>That car was new.</td>
            <td>O araba yeni<strong>ydi.</strong></td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>
<p>
	The past copula is used to turn nouns or adjectives into predicates, like in the example above. 
	It also follows other tense or aspect suffixes to create more complex meanings.
	In this lesson you will only see the combination of the aorist and the past copula. 
</p>
<p>
	When the aorist suffix is combined with the past copula,
	it creates a unique meaning that we get from sentences like "I used to smoke." in English.
	So hereafter I refer to it as the <strong>used-to construction</strong>.
	Let's see an example:
</p>
<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>English</th>
            <th>Turkish</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>I used to smoke.</td>
			<td>Sigara iç<em>er</em><strong>di</strong>m.</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>
<p>
	The aorist suffix is in italic, and the copula is in bold.
	The aorist suffix refers to how the action has been realised (in this case, generally, often, at regular intervals) and thus is considered to be the aspect marker.
	The copula gives information as to when this action happened (in this case, the past) and thus is considered to be the tense marker.
	It is possible to combine tense, aspect and mood markers.
	However it's not possible to combine two aspect markers in a row, or two tense markers in a row.
	That's why 'yap-ar-ıyor' (two aspects) and 'yap-tı-acak' (two tenses) are ungrammatical.
</p>
<p> We usually enhance the idea of pastness by inserting adverbs such as <strong>eskiden</strong> (in the past)
	, <strong>küçükken</strong> (when I was little), <strong>gençken</strong> (when I was young).</p>
<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>English</th>
            <th>Turkish</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>In the past, you used to eat meat.</td>
			<td><strong>Eskiden</strong> et ye<em>r</em><strong>di</strong>n.</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>
<p> Now you can move on to the practice session to see more examples of the used-to construction. </p>

The copulas part 1: Past Copula: Used To phrases

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

NOUN - no vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

phrase

postposition

pronoun

sentence

Unknown

verb

VERB - ablative

VERB - accusative

VERB - auxiliary

VERB - dative

VERB - intransitive, non-passive

VERB - intransitive, passive

VERB - intransitive, reciprocal

VERB - intransitive, reflexive

VERB - locative

VERB - transitive, causative

VERB - transitive, non-causative

Counting to 10

Fruits

The days of the week

The months of the year

Demonstratives

Adjectives

Vegetables

Animals extended

Hello and goodbye

Colors

First degree family

Nouns and articles

Plural nouns and minor vowel harmony

Personal pronouns

The verb "to be"

There is and there are

The infinitive and the stem

The imperative and major vowel harmony

The present continuous

The locative case suffix

The accusative case suffix

The dative case suffix

Final consonant harmony

Negative verbs

Questions in the present continuous

Questions with the verb "to be"

The imperative

The imperative forms of yemek and demek

Different uses of the present continuous

Irregular verbs

The Turkish alphabet

The indefinite article and the number one

The negative form of "to be"

Question words

Meeting people

Conjunctions

Stress inside questions

Locative location pronouns

Dative and ablative location pronouns

Accusative and locative personal pronouns

The genitive case suffix

Genitive personal pronouns

Extended family

The possession suffix

Dative and ablative personal pronouns

Expressing possession with var and yok

Clothing

The head and related parts

Compound nouns

Body parts

Combining suffixes

Water and the possession suffix

Vowel elimination on suffixation

Location postpositions

Location postpositions 2

Extra vocabulary and expressions

The ablative case suffix

Wearing things

Demonstratives with case suffixes

Counting larger numbers

Using numbers and quantifiers

A bit much and more and less

Animals

Telling time

The instrumentative

The definite simple past

Food

Nuts

Countries

Traffic and directions

The weather

With and without

Nationalities

Question	Answer
In the past, formerly	eskiden
We used to smoke.	Eskiden sigara içerdik.
to process, to handle	işlemek
to commit (a) crime	suç işlemek
youth	gençlik
In his youth, Kamil used to commit many crimes.	Kamil gençliğinde çok suç işlerdi.
rollerblades	paten
to slip, to slide^INTRANSITIVE	kaymak
to skate	paten kaymak
When she was little, my elder sister used to skate.	Ablam küçükken paten kayardı.
You used to workout, now you don't anymore.	Eskiden spor yapardınız, artık yapmıyorsunuz.
lace, lacework	dantel
My mom used to knit very beautiful laces.	Annem çok güzel dantel örerdi.
When in elementary school, we used to never listen to our teachers.	İlkokuldayken öğretmenlerimizi asla dinlemezdik.

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