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<p>
	In the past, Turkish did not have the word <strong>ve</strong>, which was later borrowed from Persian. 
	It's odd to think that a language did not have a word for <strong>and</strong>, right?
	So you may wonder, how did they talk about things?
	How did they connect sentences and words?
	Well, the answer is quite simple.
</p>

<p>
	For connecting nominals, Turkish used <strong>ile</strong>(with),
	and for connecting verbs, it used the suffix <strong>-(y)İp</strong>,
	which you will learn about in this lesson.
</p>

<p>
	<strong>-(y)İp</strong> is from one of the classes of suffixes called subordinators.
	Subordinators create subordinate (or as we call it, embedded) clauses.
	<strong> -(y)İp</strong> is used to connect clauses.
	Let's look at an example:
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <tbody>
		<tr data-item="28775"></tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Note that the English equilavent of <strong>-(y)İp</strong> is <strong>and</strong>.
	<strong>And</strong> is not a subordinator, as it simply connects two separate sentences.
	<strong>-(y)İp</strong> is different in that sense, as it creates an embedded clause.
	So there's only one sentence but two clauses in Turkish, compared to English having two sentences and two clauses.
</p>

<p>
	If you're wondering where the tense/aspect or person markers are in the embedded clause, you're on the right track.
	<strong>-(y)İp</strong> creates non-finite verbs, called converbs, which means that they carry no tense.
	Generally, we assume that the person and tense/aspect of the converb (the verb that has <strong>-(y)İp</strong>)
	are the same as the tense/aspect of the verb in the main clause.
	For instance, in the sentence given above, <strong>aldım</strong> has past tense first person singular,
	so it is most natural to assume that <strong>gidip</strong> is also past first person singular. 
	Because what else can it be? Below is another example:
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <tbody>
        <tr data-item="28776"></tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Here, <strong>gidelim</strong> is first person plural optative.
	So we interpret <strong>kalkıp</strong> to be also first person plural optative.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>Full version</th>
            <th>-(y)İp version</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>Sabah erken kalkalım ve deniz kenarına gidelim.</td>
			<td>Sabah erken kalk<strong>ıp</strong> deniz kenarına gidelim.</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<p>
	As said above, generally we get the meaning of converb from the main clause verb.
	However, we can also get it from other contextual cues.
	For example, when the main clause verb has negation, we sometimes interpret the converb to have a negative meaning, but sometimes not.
	Compare the following two examples, first:
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <tbody>
        <tr data-item="28781"></tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>Full version</th>
            <th>-(y)İp version</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>Tehditleriniz bizi korkutamaz ve kaçıramaz.</td>
			<td>Tehditleriniz bizi korkut<strong>up</strong> kaçıramaz.</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<p>Second:</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <tbody>
        <tr data-item="28782"></tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>Full version</th>
            <th>-(y)İp version</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>Kamil kitabı okumuş ve anlamamış.</td>
			<td>Kamil kitabı oku<strong>yup</strong> anlamamış.</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<p>
	As you can see, from the context we understand that in the first sentence,
	the verb that has <strong>-(y)İp</strong> is negated like the main clause verb.
	However, in the second sentence the verb that has <strong>-(y)İp</strong> is not negated,
	because it would be nonsensical to not read and not understand it since
	you need to have read the book in order to be able to not understand it.
</p>

<p>
	All in all, with practice you will get the meaning of <strong>-(y)İp</strong> verbs with ease.
</p>

Subordinating suffixes: -(y)İp

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

NOUN - no vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

phrase

postposition

pronoun

sentence

Unknown

verb

VERB - ablative

VERB - accusative

VERB - auxiliary

VERB - dative

VERB - intransitive, non-passive

VERB - intransitive, passive

VERB - intransitive, reciprocal

VERB - intransitive, reflexive

VERB - locative

VERB - transitive, causative

VERB - transitive, non-causative

Counting to 10

Fruits

The days of the week

The months of the year

Demonstratives

Adjectives

Vegetables

Animals extended

Hello and goodbye

Colors

First degree family

Nouns and articles

Plural nouns and minor vowel harmony

Personal pronouns

The verb "to be"

There is and there are

The infinitive and the stem

The imperative and major vowel harmony

The present continuous

The locative case suffix

The accusative case suffix

The dative case suffix

Final consonant harmony

Negative verbs

Questions in the present continuous

Questions with the verb "to be"

The imperative

The imperative forms of yemek and demek

Different uses of the present continuous

Irregular verbs

The Turkish alphabet

The indefinite article and the number one

The negative form of "to be"

Question words

Meeting people

Conjunctions

Stress inside questions

Locative location pronouns

Dative and ablative location pronouns

Accusative and locative personal pronouns

The genitive case suffix

Genitive personal pronouns

Extended family

The possession suffix

Dative and ablative personal pronouns

Expressing possession with var and yok

Clothing

The head and related parts

Compound nouns

Body parts

Combining suffixes

Water and the possession suffix

Vowel elimination on suffixation

Location postpositions

Location postpositions 2

Extra vocabulary and expressions

The ablative case suffix

Wearing things

Demonstratives with case suffixes

Counting larger numbers

Using numbers and quantifiers

A bit much and more and less

Animals

Telling time

The instrumentative

The definite simple past

Food

Nuts

Countries

Traffic and directions

The weather

With and without

Nationalities

Question	Answer
I went to the market and bought cigarettes.	Markete gidip sigara aldım.
side, edge, border, margin	kenar
seaside, coast, shore	deniz kenarı
Let's get up early in the morning and go to the seaside.	Sabah erken kalkıp deniz kenarına gidelim.
threat	tehdit
to make (someone) flee, to let escape	kaçırmak
Your threats cannot scare us and make us flee.	Tehditleriniz bizi korkutup kaçıramaz.
(Apparently) Kamil read the book and didn't understand it.	Kamil kitabı okuyup anlamamış.
Shall we make love and then sleep?	Sevişip sonra uyuyalım mı?
to go out shopping, to go shopping	alışverişe çıkmak
to withdraw cash^{FROM AN ATM}	para çekmek
We'll withdraw some cash and go out shopping.	Biraz para çekip alışverişe çıkacağız.

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