Turkish

<p>
	In the past, Turkish did not have the word <strong>ve</strong>, which was later borrowed from Persian. 
	It's odd to think that a language did not have a word for <strong>and</strong>, right?
	So you may wonder, how did they talk about things?
	How did they connect sentences and words?
	Well, the answer is quite simple.
</p>

<p>
	For connecting nominals, Turkish used <strong>ile</strong>(with),
	and for connecting verbs, it used the suffix <strong>-(y)İp</strong>,
	which you will learn about in this lesson.
</p>

<p>
	<strong>-(y)İp</strong> is from one of the classes of suffixes called subordinators.
	Subordinators create subordinate (or as we call it, embedded) clauses.
	<strong> -(y)İp</strong> is used to connect clauses.
	Let's look at an example:
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <tbody>
		<tr data-item="28775"></tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Note that the English equilavent of <strong>-(y)İp</strong> is <strong>and</strong>.
	<strong>And</strong> is not a subordinator, as it simply connects two separate sentences.
	<strong>-(y)İp</strong> is different in that sense, as it creates an embedded clause.
	So there's only one sentence but two clauses in Turkish, compared to English having two sentences and two clauses.
</p>

<p>
	If you're wondering where the tense/aspect or person markers are in the embedded clause, you're on the right track.
	<strong>-(y)İp</strong> creates non-finite verbs, called converbs, which means that they carry no tense.
	Generally, we assume that the person and tense/aspect of the converb (the verb that has <strong>-(y)İp</strong>)
	are the same as the tense/aspect of the verb in the main clause.
	For instance, in the sentence given above, <strong>aldım</strong> has past tense first person singular,
	so it is most natural to assume that <strong>gidip</strong> is also past first person singular. 
	Because what else can it be? Below is another example:
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <tbody>
        <tr data-item="28776"></tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Here, <strong>gidelim</strong> is first person plural optative.
	So we interpret <strong>kalkıp</strong> to be also first person plural optative.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>Full version</th>
            <th>-(y)İp version</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>Sabah erken kalkalım ve deniz kenarına gidelim.</td>
			<td>Sabah erken kalk<strong>ıp</strong> deniz kenarına gidelim.</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<p>
	As said above, generally we get the meaning of converb from the main clause verb.
	However, we can also get it from other contextual cues.
	For example, when the main clause verb has negation, we sometimes interpret the converb to have a negative meaning, but sometimes not.
	Compare the following two examples, first:
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <tbody>
        <tr data-item="28781"></tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>Full version</th>
            <th>-(y)İp version</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>Tehditleriniz bizi korkutamaz ve kaçıramaz.</td>
			<td>Tehditleriniz bizi korkut<strong>up</strong> kaçıramaz.</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<p>Second:</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <tbody>
        <tr data-item="28782"></tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>Full version</th>
            <th>-(y)İp version</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>Kamil kitabı okumuş ve anlamamış.</td>
			<td>Kamil kitabı oku<strong>yup</strong> anlamamış.</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<p>
	As you can see, from the context we understand that in the first sentence,
	the verb that has <strong>-(y)İp</strong> is negated like the main clause verb.
	However, in the second sentence the verb that has <strong>-(y)İp</strong> is not negated,
	because it would be nonsensical to not read and not understand it since
	you need to have read the book in order to be able to not understand it.
</p>

<p>
	All in all, with practice you will get the meaning of <strong>-(y)İp</strong> verbs with ease.
</p>

Subordinating suffixes: -(y)İp

noun

adjective

determiner

verb

adverb

postposition

interjection

conjunction

pronoun

sentence

phrase

Unknown

NOUN - vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

VERB - intransitive, passive

VERB - intransitive, non-passive

VERB - transitive, non-causative

VERB - transitive, causative

VERB - ablative

VERB - dative

VERB - locative

VERB - accusative

VERB - intransitive, reciprocal

VERB - intransitive, reflexive

VERB - auxiliary

Tehditleriniz bizi korkutup kaçıramaz.

Breakdown of Tehditleriniz bizi korkutup kaçıramaz.