Questions & Answers about Düşman üssü imha ettirildi.
How do the causative and passive suffixes combine in ettirildi?
The helper verb is etmek (to do/make). First, we add the causative suffix -tir to make ettirmek (to have someone do/make something). Then, we add the passive suffix -il to make ettirilmek (to be ordered/caused to be done). Finally, -di makes it past tense. With the word imha (destruction), imha ettirildi means "was ordered to be destroyed."
What is the difference in meaning between imha edildi and imha ettirildi?
İmha edildi is just the regular passive: "It was destroyed." It only focuses on the action happening. By adding the causative suffix to make imha ettirildi, you add an extra layer of meaning: "It was ordered to be destroyed" or "Someone had it destroyed." It implies a commander or authority figure gave the instruction to someone else.
Why does üs (base) have a suffix here to become üssü?
It is part of a noun compound. In Turkish, to link two nouns together like "enemy base," you add a possessive suffix to the second noun. So, düşman (enemy) + üs (base) + possessive suffix -ü gives us düşman üssü.
Where does the extra "s" in üssü come from?
The word üs is an Arabic loanword. In Turkish, several of these short loanwords double their final consonant when a suffix starting with a vowel is added. This is why üs + -ü becomes üssü. You might remember seeing this same rule in words like hak (hakkı) or sır (sırrı).
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