Learn Turkish: Emziğini çıkarırsan hemen ağlar. - If you take out his pacifier, he will cry immediately.

The root is emzik (pacifier). The first -i is the possessive suffix meaning "his" (notice how the k softens to ğ, becoming emziği). The second -i is the accusative case marker, which is needed because the pacifier is the specific direct object being taken out. The -n- in between is a buffer letter that is always required when attaching a case marker to a third-person possessive suffix.

What is the exact breakdown of the suffixes in çıkarırsan?

It comes from the verb çıkarmak (to take out / remove). First, we add the aorist (general present) tense suffix -ır, making çıkarır. Then we add the conditional suffix -sa (if) and the personal ending -n (you). Combined, çıkarırsan means "if you take [it] out".

The English translation says "will cry", so why does the Turkish sentence use the aorist tense (ağlar) instead of the future tense (ağlayacak)?

The aorist tense is widely used for general truths, habits, and natural consequences. Because a baby crying when their pacifier is taken away is a highly predictable, almost automatic reaction, Turkish prefers the aorist ağlar over the specific future tense. It translates more literally to "If you take out his pacifier, he cries."

This lesson is about "until doing" (-(y)AnA kadar). How would the meaning change if we used that here instead of the "if" condition?