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In English, we use words like "where" and "when" to link actions to places and times (for example, "the country where I live" or "the day when I arrived"). In Turkish, you do not need any extra linking words. Instead, you use the object participle—the **-dik** suffix plus a possessive ending—to modify nouns of time and place directly.

### Describing Places

To describe a place where an action happens or happened, attach the **-dik** suffix to the verb stem. Because you add a possessive ending, the **k** usually undergoes consonant mutation to a "soft g" (**-diğ-**, **-dığ-**, **-düğ-**, or **-duğ-**). 

Place this participle directly before the noun representing the location. For example, "the country where I learned" translates literally as "my learned country."

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### Describing Times

Use this same structure for time words like *gün* (day), *hafta* (week), or *sömestir* (semester). 

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When stating the subject of the relative clause explicitly (like "the trainees"), put it into the genitive case, just like a noun possessor (e.g., *kursiyerlerin*).

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### Saying "When" with Zaman

By modifying the word **zaman** (time) with an object participle, you can easily express "when" an action happens. "When I speak German" translates simply as "the time I speak German."

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Time and place relative clauses (-diğim)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
Spain	İspanya
Spanish (language)	İspanyolca
grammar	gramer
A grammar book was necessary to learn Spanish in Spain.	İspanya'da İspanyolca öğrenmek için gramer kitabı gerekliydi.
German (language)	Almanca
certificate	sertifika
Germany	Almanya
If you get a German certificate, you will work in Germany.	Almanca sertifikası alırsan Almanya'da çalışırsın.
trainee	kursiyer
accent	aksan
That trainee speaks with a very beautiful accent.	O kursiyer çok güzel bir aksanla konuşuyor.
semester	sömestir
idiom	deyim
We didn't learn any idioms last semester.	Geçen sömestir hiç deyim öğrenmedik.
The country where I learned Spanish was Spain.	İspanyolca öğrendiğim ülke İspanya'ydı.
I was very tired the semester I got this certificate.	Bu sertifikayı aldığım sömestir çok yorgundum.
The city where I learned German was very expensive.	Almanca öğrendiğim şehir çok pahalıydı.
The weather was very hot the day the trainees arrived.	Kursiyerlerin geldiği gün hava çok sıcaktı.
I laughed a lot the day I heard that accent.	O aksanı duyduğum gün çok güldüm.
The course where we learned a new idiom was very far.	Yeni bir deyim öğrendiğimiz kurs çok uzaktı.
Is my accent bad when I speak German?	Almanca konuştuğum zaman aksanım kötü mü?
The semester we learned grammar passed very quickly.	Gramer öğrendiğimiz sömestir çok hızlı geçti.
The week the trainees went to Spain was very cold.	Kursiyerlerin İspanya'ya gittiği hafta çok soğuktu.
Where is the school where you got the Spanish certificate?	İspanyolca sertifikası aldığın okul nerede?
The country where I live now is Germany.	Şimdi yaşadığım ülke Almanya.
German (person)	Alman
Our new neighbour is German.	Yeni komşumuz Alman.
Germans love this city very much.	Almanlar bu şehri çok seviyor.

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