Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

### Making Things Happen: The Causative Voice

Sometimes you don't just do an action; you cause it to happen. For some verbs, this is done by adding `-t` or `-It` (with 4-way vowel harmony) to the verb stem.

For example, `korkmak` means "to be afraid", but `korkutmak` means "to frighten" (to cause fear). Similarly, `büyümek` (to grow) becomes `büyütmek` (to enlarge or to raise).

{{item:830177}}

### Imagining Scenarios: "Would" (`-(A/I)rdI`)

To talk about what someone *would* do in a hypothetical scenario (like if they were a millionaire), Turkish combines the **aorist** (the broad, simple present tense) with the **past tense** ending `-dI`.

**Verb Stem + Aorist Suffix (`-r` / `-Ar` / `-Ir`) + Past Suffix (`-dI`) + Personal Ending**

If we take our causative verb `şaşırtmak`, we first find its aorist form: `şaşırtır` (surprises). Then, we add the past tense suffix to get `şaşırtırdı` (would surprise).

If you want to add a personal ending, it attaches at the very end. For "we would enlarge", `büyütmek` becomes `büyütür` + `dü` + `k` -> `büyütürdük`.

{{item:830178}}

{{item:830181}}

{{item:830184}}

{{item:830187}}

This structure works identically for non-causative verbs, too. Let's look at `çözmek` (to solve) and `yapmak` (to do):

{{item:830189}}

{{item:830191}}

### Causative and Passive Together

You already know that you can make a verb passive by adding `-Il` or `-In`. What happens if a verb is *already* causative, and you want to make it passive? You just stack the suffixes! 

You start with the stem, add the causative suffix, and then add the passive suffix `-Il` (with 4-way vowel harmony).

**Stem + Causative (`-t` / `-It`) + Passive (`-Il`)**

For example:
- `şaşırtmak` (to surprise) -> `şaşırtılmak` (to be surprised)
- `büyütmek` (to enlarge) -> `büyütülmek` (to be enlarged)

We can easily drop these double-derived verbs into our hypothetical "would" structure by adding the aorist and past tense: `şaşırtılırdı` (would be surprised). 

{{item:830194}}

{{item:830195}}

{{item:830197}}

The conditional main clause (-(a/ı)rdı)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
millionaire	milyoner
to surprise	şaşırtmak
The millionaire would surprise the children with a big gift.	Milyoner, çocukları büyük bir hediye ile şaşırtırdı.
shelter	barınak
to enlarge / to raise	büyütmek
We would immediately enlarge the animal shelter.	Biz hayvan barınağını hemen büyütürdük.
poor / impoverished	yoksul
to frighten / to scare	korkutmak
This bad news would frighten the poor people a lot.	Bu kötü haber yoksul insanları çok korkuturdu.
foundation (charitable)	vakıf
to let flow / to pour (cause to flow)	akıtmak
The rich man would pour the money into this foundation.	Zengin adam, parayı bu vakfa akıtırdı.
hunger / famine	açlık
The foundation would immediately solve the hunger problem.	Vakıf, açlık problemini hemen çözerdi.
donation	bağış
I would make a donation to poor families every month.	Yoksul ailelere her ay bağış yapardım.
Upon seeing the millionaire, we would only ask for a donation.	Milyoneri görünce sadece bağış isterdik.
Hunger would be as dangerous as a disease.	Açlık, bir hastalık kadar tehlikeli olurdu.
The poor people would be surprised with gifts.	Yoksul insanlar hediyelerle şaşırtılırdı.
This old animal shelter would be enlarged.	Bu eski hayvan barınağı büyütülürdü.
Poor families would sometimes be frightened.	Yoksul aileler bazen korkutulurdu.
All donations would be poured into that project.	Bütün bağışlar o projeye akıtılırdı.
Can the millionaire help the new foundation?	Milyoner, yeni vakfa yardım edebilir mi?
Apparently, that millionaire was actually very poor.	O milyoner aslında çok yoksulmuş.
A lot of money would be poured into that foundation.	O vakfa çok para akıtılırdı.
The criminals would be frightened with that budget.	O bütçe ile suçlular korkutulurdu.
Money would be poured into a large project.	Büyük bir projeye para akıtılırdı.
Opponents would be frightened with expensive lawyers.	Pahalı avukatlar ile rakipler korkutulurdu.