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To describe an action performed repeatedly or continuously—often to emphasize *how* a result was achieved—Turkish uses a repeated verb form. In English, this frequently translates to "by doing X repeatedly" or describes an ongoing manner, like "groaning" or "huffing".

### Forming the Repeated Converb

To create this form, take the verb stem and add **-a** or **-e**, following standard vowel harmony. If the verb stem ends in a vowel, insert the buffer letter **y** first, making it **-ya** or **-ye**. Then, repeat the word.

For example, the stem of *sürüklemek* (to drag) is *sürükle-*. Because it ends in a vowel, we add **-ye** and repeat it to get **sürükleye sürükleye** (by dragging). The stem of *itmek* (to push) is *it-*, which ends in a consonant, so we just add **-e** to create **ite ite** (by pushing continuously).

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### Expressing Effort

This structure is particularly useful when talking about physical exhaustion, struggle, or the sounds people make while completing a difficult task, like moving heavy furniture.

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When using verbs that naturally describe a struggle, such as *zorlanmak* (to have difficulty) or *oflamak* (to huff and puff), the repeated converb emphasizes that the entire activity was a grueling, ongoing process.

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Repeated actions (-a -a / -e -e)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
to drag	sürüklemek
We moved the heavy cabinet to the room by dragging it.	Ağır dolabı sürükleye sürükleye odaya taşıdık.
to push	itmek
to fit (something into)	sığdırmak
He fit the sofa into the elevator by pushing it repeatedly.	Kanepeyi ite ite asansöre sığdırdı.
mover / porter	hamal
to groan	inlemek
The movers carried the boxes downstairs, groaning.	Hamallar inleye inleye kutuları aşağı taşıdı.
to have difficulty	zorlanmak
to dismantle	sökmek
I took apart the old cabinet with great difficulty.	Eski dolabı zorlana zorlana söktüm.
We fit all the items into the truck with great difficulty.	Bütün eşyaları zorlana zorlana kamyona sığdırdık.
to sigh / to huff	oflamak
The mover went upstairs, huffing and puffing.	Hamal oflaya oflaya yukarı çıktı.
We worked all day, huffing and puffing.	Bütün gün oflaya oflaya çalıştık.
If you have difficulty, the movers will help.	Zorlanırsan, hamallar yardım eder.
to be scratched	çizilmek
I don't want to drag the chairs, otherwise they will get scratched.	Sandalyeleri sürüklemek istemiyorum, yoksa çizilir.
to place / to arrange (physically)	yerleştirmek
I placed the boxes that I brought into the living room.	Getirdiğim kutuları salona yerleştirdim.
The table that I pushed got scratched a lot.	İttiğim masa çok çizildi.
After dismantling the bed, we placed it in the room.	Yatağı söktükten sonra odaya yerleştirdik.
He was not groaning despite the fatigue.	Yorgunluğa rağmen inlemiyordu.