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In English, we often use past participles to create adjectives describing a completed state: a *broken* window, a *rusted* lock, or an *abandoned* building. Turkish does exactly the same thing using the *-mIş* suffix.

### The Past Participle Suffix (-mIş)

To turn a verb into an adjective describing the result of a completed action, attach *-mış*, *-miş*, *-muş*, or *-müş* (following 4-way vowel harmony) to the verb stem.

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Once formed, it acts like any other adjective and sits directly before the noun it modifies.

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### Describing Wear and Tear

When exploring ruins (*harabe*), you'll encounter things that have aged or decayed. Verbs like *paslanmak* (to rust), *solmak* (to fade), and *tozlanmak* (to get dusty) are frequently used with *-mIş* to describe these states.

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### Stacking with Noun Endings

Because it functions as a standard adjective, the *-mIş* word remains unchanged even when the noun it modifies takes plural or case suffixes. All the grammatical heavy lifting stays on the noun.

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Just remember: verb stem + *-mIş* gives you the state of the object, ready to pair with any noun.

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Past participle adjectives (-mIş)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
to be abandoned	terk edilmek
We found an abandoned hospital.	Terk edilmiş bir hastane bulduk.
ruin	harabe
to rust	paslanmak
The rusted doors of the ruin are locked.	Harabenin paslanmış kapıları kilitli.
to fade	solmak
to get dusty	tozlanmak
I saw faded pictures and dusty books inside.	İçeride solmuş resimler ve tozlanmış kitaplar gördüm.
to get moldy	küflenmek
to be worn out	yıpranmak
You must pay attention to the moldy walls and worn-out carpets.	Küflenmiş duvarlara ve yıpranmış halılara dikkat etmelisin.
to wear out / to abrade	aşınmak
to turn yellow	sararmak
We stepped on the worn-out stairs and yellowed papers.	Aşınmış merdivenlere ve sararmış kâğıtlara bastık.
remains / vestige	kalıntı
We walked in the forest until we saw the abandoned remains.	Terk edilmiş kalıntıları görene kadar ormanda yürüdük.
This destroyed building is just a ruin now.	Bu yıkılmış bina artık sadece bir harabe.
Have you never seen a rusted lock?	Hiç paslanmış kilit görmedin mi?
We have to clean the dusty shelves and yellowed curtains.	Tozlanmış rafları ve sararmış perdeleri temizlemek zorundayız.
As we advanced, we saw the moldy ceilings and faded paintings.	İlerledikçe küflenmiş tavanları ve solmuş tabloları gördük.
We are not entering the abandoned building because of the collapsed roof.	Çökmüş çatıdan dolayı terk edilmiş binaya girmiyoruz.
There is a rusted car in the garden of the ruin.	Harabenin bahçesinde paslanmış bir araba var.
The architect is inspecting the worn out and eroded ruins.	Mimar, yıpranmış ve aşınmış kalıntıları inceliyor.