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### Changing the Past: `-(y)saydı`

Sometimes you want to talk about how a past event could have gone differently. To say "If X had happened..." (even though it didn't), combine the conditional suffix (`-sa` / `-se`) with the past tense suffix (`-ydı` / `-ydi`). 

Attach this to the verb stem, followed by a personal ending.

The second half of the sentence describes what the result *would have* been. This result clause uses the past form of the aorist tense (usually ending in `-ırdı` or `-erdi` for positive verbs).

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### Negative Conditions

To say "If something *hadn't* happened," place the negative marker (`-ma` / `-me`) directly after the verb stem, right before `-saydı` or `-seydi`. 

If you also want to say a result *wouldn't* have happened, use the negative aorist past in the result clause (such as `-mazdı` or `-mezdik`).

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### "If it had been..." with `Olsaydı`

When describing conditions with adjectives or nouns rather than action verbs, use `olsaydı` (the conditional past of `olmak`, to be). This translates to "If it had been...".

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Past counterfactual conditionals (-(y)saydı)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
captain	kaptan
to get injured	sakatlanmak
If the captain hadn't gotten injured in the first match, we wouldn't have lost the match.	Kaptan birinci maçta sakatlanmasaydı, maçı kaybetmezdik.
If the best player had gotten injured, we wouldn't have become champions.	En iyi oyuncu sakatlansaydı, şampiyon olmazdık.
goal (sports)	gol
If the new captain had run faster, we would have scored a goal.	Yeni kaptan daha hızlı koşsaydı, gol atardık.
league	lig
If we had scored that goal, we would have finished the league first.	O golü atsaydık, ligi birinci bitirirdik.
If this league had been easier, we would have won every match.	Bu lig daha kolay olsaydı, her maçı kazanırdık.
referee	hakem
foul	faul
If the referee had seen that foul, he would have given a red card.	Hakem o faulü görseydi, kırmızı kart verirdi.
If the referee hadn't finished the match early, we would have scored the second goal.	Hakem maçı erken bitirmeseydi, ikinci golü atardık.
If the opposing team hadn't committed a foul, our player wouldn't have fallen.	Rakip takım faul yapmasaydı, oyuncumuz düşmezdi.
penalty (sports)	penaltı
The referee didn't give the penalty; if he had given it, we would have won the match.	Hakem penaltıyı vermedi; eğer verseydi maçı kazanırdık.
stadium	stadyum
If the captain had scored the penalty, we would have thrown a party in the stadium.	Kaptan penaltıyı atsaydı, stadyumda parti yapardık.
If the new stadium had been open, we would have played the final there.	Yeni stadyum açık olsaydı, finali orada oynardık.
pass (sports)	pas
If that player had passed to me, I would have scored a goal immediately.	O oyuncu bana pas verseydi, hemen gol atardım.
If we had passed at the right time, the team wouldn't have lost that match.	Doğru zamanda pas verseydik, takım o maçı kaybetmezdi.
jersey	forma
If we had worn the blue jersey, we would have been luckier in the match.	Mavi formayı giyseydik, maçta daha şanslı olurduk.
We didn't wear the white jersey; whereas if we had worn it, we would have won.	Beyaz formayı giymedik, oysa giyseydik kazanırdık.