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### Passive Voice Tenses

Once you have formed a passive verb stem (using `-il`, `-in`, or `-n`), it behaves just like any regular verb. You can attach standard tense suffixes to talk about actions in the present, past, and future. This is especially useful for discussing public works and city infrastructure, where the focus is on the project rather than the workers.

### Present Tense Passive

To say that something "is being done" right now or "is done" regularly, add the present continuous suffix `-(i)yor` to your passive stem, followed by the personal ending.

- `yenilen` (to be renewed) + `iyor` = `yenileniyor` (is being renewed)
- `genişletil` (to be widened) + `iyor` = `genişletiliyor` (is being widened)

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### Past Tense Passive

To discuss completed projects, attach the definite past tense suffix `-dI` (`-dı`, `-di`, `-du`, `-dü`) to the passive stem.

Because passive stems always end in a voiced consonant (`l` or `n`), the suffix will always begin with a `d`. You will never use the unvoiced `t` variations (`-tı`, `-ti`, etc.) immediately after a passive stem.

- `tamamlan` (to be completed) + `dı` = `tamamlandı` (was completed)
- `atıl` (to be laid/thrown) + `dı` = `atıldı` (was laid)

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### Future Tense Passive

To talk about what will happen to a building or project, add the future tense suffix `-AcAk` (`-acak` or `-ecek`) to the passive stem.

Since passive stems always end in a consonant, you will never need the buffer letter `y` before the future suffix.

- `kullanıl` (to be used) + `acak` = `kullanılacak` (will be used)
- `açıl` (to be opened) + `acak` = `açılacak` (will be opened)

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### Shifting Timelines

By changing just the tense suffix on the passive stem, you can easily shift the focus of a sentence from a finished project to an upcoming one. Notice how the same passive structures adapt to different timelines:

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Passive voice tenses

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
municipality	belediye
infrastructure	altyapı
The municipality is working hard, the infrastructure is being renewed.	Belediye çok çalışıyor, altyapı yenileniyor.
construction site	şantiye
dam	baraj
The construction site is very noisy because the first dam is being built.	Şantiye çok gürültülü çünkü birinci baraj inşa ediliyor.
pavement / sidewalk	kaldırım
to widen / to expand	genişletmek
The pavements are being repaired and the roads are being widened.	Kaldırımlar tamir ediliyor ve yollar genişletiliyor.
This building is cleaned every day at half past two.	Bu bina her gün saat iki buçukta temizleniyor.
port / harbor	liman
The old port was closed last year.	Eski liman geçen yıl kapatıldı.
construction	inşaat
to complete	tamamlamak
The construction was completed yesterday.	İnşaat dün tamamlandı.
foundation (base, groundwork)	temel
When was the foundation of the second bridge laid?	İkinci köprünün temeli ne zaman atıldı?
Such a big dam was built that the whole city gets electricity.	Öyle büyük bir baraj yapıldı ki bütün şehir elektrik alıyor.
The new infrastructure will be used next month.	Yeni altyapı gelecek ay kullanılacak.
The municipality's new bridge will be opened at three o'clock.	Belediyenin yeni köprüsü saat üçte açılacak.
The port will be widened a little.	Liman biraz genişletilecek.
When will these pavements be completed?	Bu kaldırımlar ne zaman tamamlanacak?
The foundation of the new hospital will be laid tomorrow.	Yeni hastanenin temeli yarın atılacak.
The construction site was closed yesterday.	Şantiye dün kapatıldı.
The new construction will be completed tomorrow.	Yeni inşaat yarın tamamlanacak.