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### Softening a claim

Turkish rarely states a guess flatly. {{item:829487}} (*I hope*) and {{item:829490}} (*hopefully*, literally *if God wills*) both open a wish about the future. **inşallah** is used constantly and quite secularly — by believers and non-believers alike — and it can also soften a promise you are not certain you can keep.

{{item:829493}} means *actually* or *in fact*, and usually introduces a correction: *Aslında öyle değil* — *Actually it is not like that.*

### Strengthening one

{{item:829496}} is *certainly, without fail* — it insists that something will happen, where *kesinlikle* insists that something is true.

### Giving an example

{{item:829499}} and {{item:829502}} both mean *for example*. They are interchangeable in meaning; **mesela** is the everyday spoken one and **örneğin** the one you will meet in writing and formal speech.

### Again

{{item:829505}} is *again*. Turkish also uses it to mean *yet again*, with a hint of resignation: *Yine geç kaldın.*

Hedging and giving examples

### The Negative Suffix

You already know that the bare verb root forms a positive command. To tell someone *not* to do something, add the negative suffix **-ma** or **-me** to the verb root.

The suffix depends on vowel harmony. Look at the last vowel in the root:
- Back vowels (**a, ı, o, u**) take **-ma**.
- Front vowels (**e, i, ö, ü**) take **-me**.

{{item:786816}}

{{item:786820}}

{{item:786825}}

### Providing Context

Just like with positive commands, the verb always stays at the very end of the sentence. Time words like **erken** (early) and **geç** (late) come right before the verb.

{{item:786838}}

{{item:786839}}

### Multiple Commands

You can pair a negative command with a positive one to redirect behavior. The negative verb takes the suffix, while the positive verb stays in its bare root form.

{{item:786827}}

{{item:786834}}

To connect two or more commands, use **ve** (and).

{{item:786823}}

{{item:786835}}

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

### Two small words that change a sentence

{{item:829244}} means **even**, and it follows the word it emphasises rather than preceding it: *Çocuk bile anladı* — *Even the child understood.*

{{item:829247}} marks a change of state. With a positive verb it is *from now on*; with a negative verb it is *no longer*.

| sentence | meaning |
|---|---|
| *Artık çalışıyorum.* | I am working now (from now on) |
| *Artık çalışmıyorum.* | I no longer work |

{{item:829250}} means *very*, but in careful Turkish it belongs mostly to negative sentences: *pek iyi değil* — *not very good*.

### Choosing and locating

{{item:829253}} is *single, sole*; {{item:829256}} is *the other* of a known set — narrower than *başka*, which is *another, a different one*.

{{item:829259}} is the *middle* and {{item:829262}} a *side* — of a road, an argument or a family.

{{item:829265}} means *related, concerning*, and takes the comitative: *bununla ilgili* — *concerning this*.

Finally {{item:829268}}, *pleasant* — the adjective hiding inside *hoş geldiniz* and *hoşça kal*.

Particles and qualifiers

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)