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In English, we modify abstract nouns like *fact*, *possibility*, or *idea* using "that" clauses (e.g., "the fact that the market is unpredictable"). Turkish links these using participle clauses.

To modify an abstract noun like **gerçek** (fact), **ihtimal** (possibility), **iddia** (claim), or **düşünce** (thought), follow this pattern:

1. Add the **-dık** (present/past) or **-acak** (future) participle suffix to the descriptive verb.
2. Add a possessive suffix to the participle indicating *who* or *what* performs the action.
3. Follow with the abstract noun and its 3rd-person possessive suffix (**-(s)i** / **-(s)ı**).

- **sabit olduğu düşüncesi** (the idea that it is stable)
- **başlayacağı ihtimali** (the possibility that it will start)

### Present and Past Facts (-dık)

Use the **-dık** / **-dik** participle for facts, claims, or ideas about the present and past. Because these clauses often describe states of being, you will frequently see **olmak** (to be) conjugated as **olduğu**.

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### Future Possibilities (-acak)

Use the **-acak** / **-ecek** participle for expectations, possibilities, or thoughts about the future. 

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The possessive suffix on the participle changes to match the subject of the clause. In the next example, because the sentence is about what *you* will buy, the participle takes the 2nd-person suffix (**alacağın**).

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### Adding Case Endings

The entire phrase (like *olduğu gerçeği*) acts as a single noun. If the main verb requires a specific case, add it to the end. Since the abstract noun already ends with a 3rd-person possessive suffix, use the buffer letter **-n-** before adding an accusative, dative, locative, or ablative ending.

- **gerçeği** (the fact) -> **gerçeğini** (accusative, for verbs like "to change" or "to accept")
- **gerçeği** (the fact) -> **gerçeğinden** (ablative, for verbs like "to hate")

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Fact and possibility clauses (-dığı gerçeği)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
crypto / cryptocurrency	kripto
asset	varlık
fixed / stable	sabit
thought / idea (mental process)	düşünce
The idea that crypto assets are stable is wrong.	Kripto varlıkların sabit olduğu düşüncesi yanlış.
blockchain	blokzincir
I wonder if the idea that blockchain technology is safe is true?	Acaba blokzincir teknolojisinin güvenli olduğu düşüncesi doğru mu?
crash / collapse (downfall, system failure)	çöküş
The possibility that a big crash will start scares investors.	Büyük bir çöküşün başlayacağı ihtimali yatırımcıları korkutuyor.
fluctuation / volatility	dalgalanma
unpredictable	öngörülemez
This fluctuation does not change the fact that assets are unpredictable.	Bu dalgalanma, varlıkların öngörülemez olduğu gerçeğini değiştirmez.
speculation	spekülasyon
A number of investors who do not speculate complain about this fluctuation.	Spekülasyon yapmayan birtakım yatırımcılar bu dalgalanmadan şikâyet ediyor.
manipulation	manipülasyon
The claim that there was manipulation caused a new crash.	Manipülasyon olduğu iddiası yeni bir çöküşe neden oldu.
We must accept the fact that the blockchain system is unpredictable.	Blokzincir sisteminin öngörülemez olduğu gerçeğini kabul etmeliyiz.
The possibility that a number of people will manipulate the crypto market is very high.	Birtakım insanların kripto piyasasında manipülasyon yapacağı ihtimali çok yüksek.
The thought that you will buy a stable asset is completely a misconception.	Sabit bir varlık alacağın düşüncesi tamamen bir yanılgı.
Investors who speculate hate the fact that the market is unpredictable.	Spekülasyon yapan yatırımcılar, piyasanın öngörülemez olduğu gerçeğinden nefret ediyor.
I wonder if the claim that this fluctuation is related to blockchain is true?	Acaba bu dalgalanmanın blokzincir ile ilgili olduğu iddiası doğru mu?