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### Consisting of Something (-dan ibaret)

When exploring caves, you will often need to describe the geological makeup of different formations. To say that something "consists of" or is "composed solely of" a specific material, Turkish uses the word `ibaret`.

To form this structure, attach the ablative case suffix (`-dan` / `-den` / `-tan` / `-ten`) to the noun representing the material, followed by `ibaret`.

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Notice how `ibaret` is frequently paired with the word `sadece` (only / solely). While `ibaret` inherently means that the subject is made up entirely of that material, adding `sadece` emphasizes this exclusivity. 

If a formation consists of multiple materials, you only need to attach the ablative suffix to the last noun in the list.

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### Negation and Complex Sentences

Like other adjectives and postpositions, `ibaret` can be made negative using `değil` to show that something is *not* solely composed of a certain material. 

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You will also often see `ibaret` paired with the helping verb `olmak` (to be). This becomes necessary when you need to conjugate the phrase into different tenses or use complex grammatical structures, such as transforming the phrase into an object clause (e.g., "we saw *that* it is composed of...").

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Composition with nouns (-dan ibaret)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
stalactite	sarkıt
stalagmite	dikit
composed of / consisting of	ibaret
We saw that the cave is composed solely of stalactites and stalagmites.	Mağaranın sadece sarkıt ve dikitlerden ibaret olduğunu gördük.
layer	katman
marble (stone)	mermer
This layer consists of marble.	Bu katman mermerden ibaret.
mass	kütle
sediment	çökelti
By examining the mass, they understood that it consists of sediment.	Kütleyi inceleyerek çökeltiden ibaret olduğunu anladılar.
crevice	yarık
vein (geological)	damar
quartz	kuvars
The vein passing through the crevice is composed of quartz.	Yarıktan geçen damar kuvarstan ibaret.
formation	formasyon
This formation is not only composed of stalactites; it also contains marble.	Bu formasyon sadece sarkıtlardan ibaret değil, aynı zamanda mermer de içeriyor.
In this cave, the stalagmites are composed of several layers.	Bu mağarada dikitler birkaç katmandan ibaret.
The whole formation is a mass composed of quartz.	Bütün formasyon kuvarstan ibaret bir kütle.
By looking at the crevice, we realized that the veins are composed only of ice.	Yarığa bakarak damarların sadece buzdan ibaret olduğunu fark ettik.
This sediment consists only of salt and water.	Bu çökelti sadece tuz ve sudan ibaret.
Are these formations composed solely of rock?	Bu formasyonlar sadece taştan mı ibaret?
This cave consists only of stalactites.	Bu mağara sadece sarkıtlardan ibaret.
state, condition	hâl
The patient's condition is not good.	Hastanın hâli iyi değil.
I asked what state he was in.	Ne hâlde olduğunu sordum.
connection, relevance	alaka
This has no relevance to the topic at all.	Bunun konuyla hiç alakası yok.
There is a connection between the two events.	İki olay arasında bir alaka var.

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