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### Causing Outcomes (-masına sebep olmak)

In English, we often say "A causes B to happen." In Turkish, this is framed as "A leads to the happening of B." We express the outcome as a factive clause (a verbal noun) and link it to a verb of causation using the dative case.

To build this structure:
- Turn the result verb into a verbal noun using the suffix `-mA` / `-mE`.
- Add a possessive suffix to show who or what is performing the resulting action (e.g., `-sI` / `-si` for "its" or "their").
- Add the dative case suffix (`-a` / `-e`). Because you are attaching it after a third-person possessive, use the buffer letter `n` (`-mAsIna` / `-mEsine`).
- Complete the thought with a causative verb like **sebep olmak** (to cause) or **yol açmak** (to lead to).

Notice how *ölmek* (to die) becomes *ölmesine* (to their dying) to link with *yol açar*.

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### Causes as Factive Clauses

The "cause" of an event can be a simple noun or an infinitive. However, often the cause itself is also a factive clause (e.g., "The factories' using of chemicals").

When both the cause and the result are actions, you will see the `-mAsI` verbal noun structure used twice: once for the cause (the subject) and once in the dative case for the outcome.

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### Health and Environmental Impacts

This structure is highly useful when discussing complex cause-and-effect relationships, such as how pollution affects health.

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Another helpful verb for discussing outcomes is **tetiklemek** (to trigger). Unlike *sebep olmak* and *yol açmak*, which require the dative case, *tetiklemek* takes a direct object. Therefore, the preceding word will take the accusative case (`-i` / `-ı` / `-u` / `-ü`).

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Causing outcomes (-masına sebep olmak)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
exhaust	egzoz
to breathe / to inhale	solumak
to lead to / to cause (a chain of events)	yol açmak
Inhaling exhaust gas in the city causes people to die early.	Şehirde egzoz gazı solumak, insanların erken ölmesine yol açar.
toxic (scientific or metaphorical loanword)	toksik
chemical	kimyasal
to cause	sebep olmak
Factories using toxic chemicals causes the fish to die.	Fabrikaların toksik kimyasallar kullanması, balıkların ölmesine sebep olur.
lung	akciğer
His inhaling dirty air led to lung diseases increasing.	Kirli havayı soluması, akciğer hastalıklarının artmasına yol açtı.
infection	enfeksiyon
The water being dirty causes infections to start in children.	Suların pis olması, çocuklarda enfeksiyonların başlamasına sebep olur.
asthma	astım
to trigger	tetiklemek
By next year, this pollution will have triggered asthma in many people.	Gelecek yıla kadar, bu kirlilik birçok insanda astımı tetiklemiş olacak.
I do not inhale toxic exhaust gas in the city center.	Şehir merkezinde toksik egzoz gazı solumam.
Because he worked with chemicals for a long time, his lungs got damaged.	Uzun süre kimyasallarla çalıştığı için, akciğerleri hasar gördü.
The weather suddenly getting cold caused his asthma to worsen.	Havanın aniden soğuması, astımının kötüleşmesine sebep oldu.
His drinking water containing chemicals caused an infection to form in his stomach.	Kimyasallı su içmesi, midesinde enfeksiyon oluşmasına sebep oldu.
We do not inhale toxic exhaust gas in this forest.	Bu ormanda toksik egzoz gazı solumayız.
This toxic smoke triggers the children's cough.	Bu toksik duman, çocukların öksürüğünü tetikler.