Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

### Causative and Passive Combined

To express actions ordered to be done by an unnamed third party, stack the **passive** suffix onto the **causative** suffix. 

First, add the causative suffix (usually `-DIr` or `-t`) to the verb stem to mean "to have someone do [action]". Then, attach the passive suffix (which is always `-Il` after a causative suffix) to mean "to be ordered to be [done]".

For example, *dikmek* (to sew) becomes *diktirmek* (to have someone sew), and then *diktirilmek* (to be ordered to be sewn).

### The Aorist Past: `-(A/I)rdI`

To describe what *would* happen in a hypothetical scenario (like following an "if" or "otherwise" statement), use the aorist past tense for the main clause. Attach the aorist suffix (which takes the form `-Ir` after the passive `-Il`) followed by the past tense suffix (`-dI`).

*diktiril-* (to be ordered to be sewn) + *-ir* (aorist) + *-di* (past) = *diktirilirdi* (would be ordered to be sewn)

{{item:830461}}

{{item:830463}}

### Varying Causative Suffixes

The causative suffix changes depending on the verb stem. Verbs ending in a vowel or certain consonants take `-t` instead of `-DIr`. The passive `-Il` naturally follows whichever causative suffix is used.

*ekle-* (to add) + *-t-* (causative) + *-il-* (passive) + *-ir* (aorist) + *-di* (past) = *ekletilirdi* (would be ordered to be added)

{{item:830466}}

{{item:830472}}

### Specifying the Worker

Even though the passive voice usually hides the doer, you can still specify *who* was ordered to do the work. To do this, attach the **dative** case suffix (`-(y)A`) to the person performing the task. 

For example, *makineci* (machinist) becomes *makineciye* (to/by the machinist) when indicating who is ordered to do the sewing.

{{item:830469}}

{{item:830478}}

Causative and passive verbs (-tIrIl)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
thread	iplik
button	düğme
If there were thick thread, the buttons would be ordered to be sewn tightly.	Eğer kalın iplik olsaydı, düğmeler sıkıca diktirilirdi.
pattern	kalıp
Otherwise, a new pattern would be ordered to be drawn for the skirts.	Yoksa etekler için yeni bir kalıp çizdirilirdi.
collar	yaka
label	etiket
If the customer wanted, a label would be ordered to be added to the collar.	Eğer müşteri isteseydi, yakaya bir etiket ekletilirdi.
workshop	atölye
machinist	makineci
If he were the boss, the shirts would be ordered to be sewn by the machinist in the workshop.	Eğer o patron olsaydı, gömlekler atölyede makineciye diktirilirdi.
iron (appliance)	ütü
facility	tesis
Otherwise, the ironing would be ordered to be done at another facility.	Yoksa ütü başka bir tesiste yaptırılırdı.
sample	örnek
If we didn't have samples, white thread would be ordered to be brought immediately.	Eğer örneklerimiz olmasaydı, hemen beyaz iplik getirtilirdi.
If time were about to run out, the buttons and labels would be ordered to be completed in the workshop.	Eğer zaman bitmek üzere olsaydı, düğmeler ve etiketler atölyede tamamlatılırdı.
If the patterns were wrong, the collars would be ordered to be cut again.	Eğer kalıplar yanlış olsaydı, yakalar tekrar kestirilirdi.
If the facility were closed, the samples would be ordered to be produced by someone other than the machinist.	Tesis kapalı olsaydı, örnekler makineciden başka birine ürettirilirdi.
If there were electricity, the new iron would be ordered to be used by the workers.	Eğer elektrik olsaydı, yeni ütü işçilere kullandırılırdı.