In Turkish, the suffix -ce / -ca is a versatile tool. In this lesson, we will use it to express personal viewpoints and to transform adjectives into adverbs of manner.
It follows A-type vowel harmony, meaning it becomes -ce after front vowels (e, i, ö, ü) and -ca after back vowels (a, ı, o, u). If the word ends in a voiceless consonant (such as f, s, t, k, ç, ş, h, or p), the suffix hardens to -çe or -ça.
Expressing Personal Opinions
When attached to the personal pronouns ben (I) and sen (you), the suffix translates to "in my opinion" (bence) and "in your opinion" (sence).
Adverbs of Manner
When attached to adjectives or nouns, this suffix acts much like the English "-ly". It describes the manner in which an action is performed, or expresses that a subject is acting "in a [blank] way".
Consonant Mutation
Remember that words ending in voiceless consonants take the hardened -çe or -ça forms. For example, nazik (polite) becomes nazikçe, and korkak (cowardly) becomes korkakça.