Learn Swedish: Överste Anna bad löjtnant Johan att vänta utanför. - Colonel Anna asked Lieutenant Johan to wait outside.

When a title, profession, or honorific comes directly before a proper name in Swedish, it takes the zero article. This means you use the bare noun without any definite suffix like -en or indefinite article like en.

Why isn't löjtnant capitalized like it is in the English translation?

In Swedish, titles and professions are written in lowercase, even when attached to a proper name as an honorific. Överste is only capitalized in this sentence because it happens to be the very first word.

Why does the sentence use bad instead of frågade for "asked"?

Swedish makes a strict distinction between asking a question and asking someone to do something. Because the colonel is making a request or giving a polite order, you must use be (which becomes bad in the past tense). You would only use frågade if she were asking him a question to get a verbal answer.

Could I say vänta ute instead of vänta utanför?

They mean slightly different things. Ute specifically refers to being outdoors in the open air. Utanför means just on the other side of a physical boundary, like waiting in the hallway right outside the office door, which is what is usually meant in a military or office scenario like this.