Learn Swedish: Ett sprucket glas stod på bordet. - A cracked glass stood on the table.

The base form is sprucken. Because it describes a neuter noun (ett glas), it needs the neuter form. When an adjective ends in an unstressed -en, Swedish drops the -n and adds -t, turning sprucken into sprucket.

Is sprucken related to a verb?

Yes, it is the past participle of the verb spricka (to crack or burst). Here it is acting as an adjective to describe the condition of the glass. Because it functions as an adjective, it must change its ending to match the neuter noun glas.

Why does Swedish use stod (stood) instead of a word for "was"?

Swedish prefers positional verbs to describe where physical objects are located. Instead of using the generic "to be", you typically choose between stå (to stand), ligga (to lie), or sitta (to sit). Because a glass rests on a flat base and is relatively tall, it "stands" (stod) on the table.

Would it be wrong to say Ett sprucket glas var på bordet?

While people would understand you, it sounds unnatural to a native speaker. Using var (was) sounds a bit vague, as if the glass merely existed in the general area of the table. Using stod is the natural way to paint a clear picture of how the object rests.