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### The Swedish "-ing" form

Swedish doesn't have a direct equivalent to the English continuous "-ing" form (like "is working" or "are reading"). Usually, the simple present tense is enough. However, to emphasize that an action is ongoing *right now*, Swedish often uses a structure called pseudo-coordination.

This involves pairing a positional verb with *och* (and) and your main active verb. If the person is on their feet while doing the action, use *står* (stands). If they are seated, use *sitter* (sits). 

While this translates literally to "stands and digs" or "sits and enjoys", it is the natural Swedish way to say "is digging" or "is enjoying".

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### Where to put adverbs

When using sentence adverbs like *ofta* (often), *aldrig* (never), or *ju* (of course), place them immediately after the first verb (the positional verb).

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### Lying down

Naturally, if the subject is lying down while doing the action, use *ligger* (lies).

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### Describing busy scenes

You will often see these positional phrases combined to set a scene with multiple ongoing actions, frequently connected by words like *medan* (while).

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Progressive aspect (sitter och, står och)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite ending (barnet, hunden)

Indefinite articles and -ar verbs (en, ett)

Basic word order

Singular adjectives (stor, stort)

Plural adjectives (-a)

Sentence negation (inte)

Yes/No questions

Basic question words (vad, vem, var)

Regular Group 2 verbs (-er)

Short verbs and irregulars (har, gör)

The infinitive marker (att)

Modal verbs (kan, vill, måste, får)

Future intention (ska)

Time adverbs (imorgon, igår)

Word order inversion

Adverbs of frequency (ibland, aldrig)

Everyday things (dörren, stolen, tåget)

Definite suffix spelling changes

Plural nouns Group 1 and 2 (-or, -ar)

Plural nouns Group 3 (-er, -r)

Neuter indefinite plurals

Definite plural suffixes (-na, -a, -en)

Object pronouns (mig, dig, oss)

Reflexive pronouns (sig)

Expanded question words (när, varför)

Which and what (vilken, vilket, vilka)

Coordinating conjunctions (men, eller, för)

Prepositions of place (i, på, till, från)

Quantifiers (mycket, många)

Indefinite pronouns (någon, något, några)

First and second person possessives (min, din, vår, er)

Third person possessives (hans, hennes, dess, deras)

Reflexive possessives (sin, sitt, sina)

The genitive (-s)

Adjectives before singular nouns

Adjectives before plural nouns (-a)

Double definiteness (den, det, de)

Demonstratives (den här, det här, de här)

The imperative mood

Past tense of vara and ha (var, hade)

Possessives for names (-s)

Definite plural adjectives (de ... -a)

Genitive case for names (-s)

Numbers 1 to 10 (en, två, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (elva till tjugo)

Counting by tens to 100 (trettio, fyrtio...)

Days of the week (måndag, tisdag...)

Months of the year (januari, februari...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (första, andra...)

Greetings and politeness (hej, tack, förlåt)

Particle verbs of direction (gå ut, komma in)

Simple past: Group 1 (-ade)

Simple past: Group 2a (-de)

Simple past: Group 2b (-te)

Simple past: Group 3 (-dde)

Simple past: Group 4

Present perfect: Groups 1 and 2 (har)

Present perfect: Groups 3 and 4

Past perfect (hade)

Future predictions (kommer att)

Future with present tense

The adjective small (liten, litet, små)

Demonstratives of distance (den där, det där, de där)

Negative pronouns (ingen, inget, inga)

Universal pronouns (all, allt, alla)

The generic pronoun (man, en)

Possessive generic pronoun (ens)

Reciprocal pronoun (varandra)

Qualitative pronouns (sådan, sådant, sådana)

Habitual time expressions (på)

Specific past time expressions (i)

Past time expressions (för ... sedan)

Future time expressions (om)

Location and motion adverbs (här/hit, där/dit)

Consequences (så)

Correlative conjunctions (både ... och)

Either and neither (antingen ... eller, varken ... eller)

Verbs of opinion and belief (tycker, tror, tänker)

Subordinate clauses (att, om)

Time clauses (när, innan, medan)

Clauses of cause (eftersom, därför att)

Negation in subordinate clauses (inte)

V2 word order inversion

Relative clauses as subjects (som)

Relative clauses as objects (som)

Relative clauses for places (där)

Adverbs from adjectives (-t)

Adjective comparative and superlative (-are, -ast)

Question	Answer
to dig	gräva
the soil	jorden
The man is standing and digging in the soil.	Mannen står och gräver i jorden.
to enjoy	njuta av
the sunshine	solskenet
We are sitting and enjoying the sunshine.	Vi sitter och njuter av solskenet.
to water	vattna
She is standing and watering the flower.	Hon står och vattnar blomman.
the potato	potatisen
The woman is standing and washing the potatoes.	Kvinnan står och tvättar potatisen.
the spade	spaden
We often stand and dig with the spade.	Vi står ofta och gräver med spaden.
The dog is lying and resting in the grass.	Hunden ligger och vilar i gräset.
the pot	krukan
I am standing and watering the soil in the pot.	Jag står och vattnar jorden i krukan.
to grow (cultivate)	odla
They grow potatoes here.	De odlar potatis här.
You are standing and holding the spade, of course!	Du står ju och håller i spaden!
I enjoy the sunshine when I work in the garden.	Jag njuter av solskenet när jag jobbar i trädgården.
He is sitting and reading while I am standing and watering.	Han sitter och läser medan jag står och vattnar.
We never sit and sleep in the sunshine.	Vi sitter aldrig och sover i solskenet.
Are they standing and talking about the project again?	Står de och pratar om projektet igen?
the carrot	moroten
He is standing and watering the carrots in the pot.	Han står och vattnar morötterna i krukan.
We are growing carrots in the garden now.	Vi odlar morötter i trädgården nu.