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To describe ongoing qualities or effects—like an "annoying" sound or an "understanding" boss—Swedish uses present participle adjectives. In English, these often end in "-ing". In Swedish, they end in **-ande** or **-ende**.

The best thing about these adjectives is that they are **invariable**. Unlike most regular Swedish adjectives, they never change their endings to match *en*-words, *ett*-words, or plurals.

### Adjectives ending in -ende

Verbs ending in a vowel other than *-a* form adjectives by adding **-ende**. For example, *bero* (to depend) becomes *beroende* (dependent).

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Notice how the adjective stays exactly the same, even for plural subjects.

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### Adjectives ending in -ande

For verbs ending in *-a*, add **-nde** to create an **-ande** ending. For instance, *irritera* (to annoy) becomes *irriterande* (annoying).

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The adjective remains unchanged, even when paired with standard adjectives that do change.

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### Describing feelings and effects

These adjectives are perfect for describing the effect a situation has on you. You can form them directly from verbs like *förvirra* (to confuse), *oroa* (to worry), and *lugna* (to calm).

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Present participle adjectives (-ande, -ende)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite ending (barnet, hunden)

Indefinite articles and -ar verbs (en, ett)

Basic word order

Singular adjectives (stor, stort)

Plural adjectives (-a)

Sentence negation (inte)

Yes/No questions

Basic question words (vad, vem, var)

Regular Group 2 verbs (-er)

Short verbs and irregulars (har, gör)

The infinitive marker (att)

Modal verbs (kan, vill, måste, får)

Future intention (ska)

Time adverbs (imorgon, igår)

Word order inversion

Adverbs of frequency (ibland, aldrig)

Everyday things (dörren, stolen, tåget)

Definite suffix spelling changes

Plural nouns Group 1 and 2 (-or, -ar)

Plural nouns Group 3 (-er, -r)

Neuter indefinite plurals

Definite plural suffixes (-na, -a, -en)

Object pronouns (mig, dig, oss)

Reflexive pronouns (sig)

Expanded question words (när, varför)

Which and what (vilken, vilket, vilka)

Coordinating conjunctions (men, eller, för)

Prepositions of place (i, på, till, från)

Quantifiers (mycket, många)

Indefinite pronouns (någon, något, några)

First and second person possessives (min, din, vår, er)

Third person possessives (hans, hennes, dess, deras)

Reflexive possessives (sin, sitt, sina)

The genitive (-s)

Adjectives before singular nouns

Adjectives before plural nouns (-a)

Double definiteness (den, det, de)

Demonstratives (den här, det här, de här)

The imperative mood

Past tense of vara and ha (var, hade)

Possessives for names (-s)

Definite plural adjectives (de ... -a)

Genitive case for names (-s)

Numbers 1 to 10 (en, två, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (elva till tjugo)

Counting by tens to 100 (trettio, fyrtio...)

Days of the week (måndag, tisdag...)

Months of the year (januari, februari...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (första, andra...)

Greetings and politeness (hej, tack, förlåt)

Particle verbs of direction (gå ut, komma in)

Simple past: Group 1 (-ade)

Simple past: Group 2a (-de)

Simple past: Group 2b (-te)

Simple past: Group 3 (-dde)

Simple past: Group 4

Present perfect: Groups 1 and 2 (har)

Present perfect: Groups 3 and 4

Past perfect (hade)

Future predictions (kommer att)

Future with present tense

The adjective small (liten, litet, små)

Demonstratives of distance (den där, det där, de där)

Negative pronouns (ingen, inget, inga)

Universal pronouns (all, allt, alla)

The generic pronoun (man, en)

Possessive generic pronoun (ens)

Reciprocal pronoun (varandra)

Qualitative pronouns (sådan, sådant, sådana)

Habitual time expressions (på)

Specific past time expressions (i)

Past time expressions (för ... sedan)

Future time expressions (om)

Location and motion adverbs (här/hit, där/dit)

Consequences (så)

Correlative conjunctions (både ... och)

Either and neither (antingen ... eller, varken ... eller)

Verbs of opinion and belief (tycker, tror, tänker)

Subordinate clauses (att, om)

Time clauses (när, innan, medan)

Clauses of cause (eftersom, därför att)

Negation in subordinate clauses (inte)

V2 word order inversion

Relative clauses as subjects (som)

Relative clauses as objects (som)

Relative clauses for places (där)

Adverbs from adjectives (-t)

Adjective comparative and superlative (-are, -ast)

Question	Answer
dependent	beroende
Are you dependent on coffee in the morning?	Är du beroende av kaffe på morgonen?
The child is very dependent on its family.	Barnet är mycket beroende av sin familj.
independent	oberoende
We want to be independent and work alone.	Vi vill vara oberoende och jobba ensamma.
Anna is an independent woman.	Anna är en oberoende kvinna.
understanding	förstående
What an understanding boss!	Vilken förstående chef!
Since he is sick, the boss is understanding.	Eftersom han är sjuk, är chefen förstående.
annoying	irriterande
What an annoying sound!	Vilket irriterande ljud!
The fly is small but very annoying.	Flugan är liten men mycket irriterande.
challenging	utmanande
demanding	krävande
The job is both challenging and demanding.	Jobbet är både utmanande och krävande.
Why is the customer so demanding today?	Varför är kunden så krävande idag?
The test yesterday was very challenging.	Provet igår var mycket utmanande.
suitable	passande
Is the dress suitable for the party?	Är klänningen passande för festen?
This is a fitting name.	Det här är ett passande namn.
confusing	förvirrande
The situation is both strange and confusing.	Situationen är både konstig och förvirrande.
What confusing information!	Vilken förvirrande information!
worrying	oroande
The news from the hospital is worrying.	Nyheten från sjukhuset är oroande.
Since the storm is coming, the situation is worrying.	Eftersom stormen kommer, är situationen oroande.
calming	lugnande
The tea is warm and calming.	Teet är varmt och lugnande.
The sound from the river is very calming.	Ljudet från floden är mycket lugnande.