Group 4 Verbs (Strong Verbs)
Group 4 verbs often change their vowels. Form their past participles by adding these endings to the stem:
- -en for en-words
- -et for ett-words
- -na for plural and definite nouns
| Infinitive | en-word | ett-word | Plural / Definite |
|---|---|---|---|
| skriva (to write) | skriven | skrivet | skrivna |
| binda (to bind) | bunden | bundet | bundna |
| utge (to publish) | utgiven | utgivet | utgivna |
| Most manuscripts in the archive are written in English. | De flesta handskrifter i arkivet är skrivna på engelska. |
| No published book is bound in this way. | Ingen utgiven bok är bunden på det här sättet. |
Group 3 Verbs (Short Verbs)
Group 3 verbs have short infinitives ending in a stressed vowel, like klä (to cover) and sy (to sew). Add these endings directly to the infinitive:
- -dd for en-words
- -tt for ett-words
- -dda for plural and definite nouns
| Infinitive | en-word | ett-word | Plural / Definite |
|---|---|---|---|
| klä (to cover) | klädd | klätt | klädda |
| sy (to sew) | sydd | sytt | sydda |
| This chest is covered in leather. | Den här kistan är klädd i skinn. |
| The bag of leather is sewn by hand. | Väskan av skinn är sydd för hand. |
Adjective Agreement in Action
Past participles function like adjectives and must agree with the noun's gender and number, whether following a verb or modifying a noun directly.
For ett-words, use the -et (Group 4) or -tt (Group 3) endings:
| The lock to the chest is broken. | Låset till kistan är brutet. |
For plural nouns or definite nouns, use the -na (Group 4) or -dda (Group 3) endings:
| Many folders in the archive are torn. | Många mappar i arkivet är rivna. |
| The torn letter is lying in the dust. | Det rivna brevet ligger i dammet. |
| These old clothes are sewn from silk. | De här gamla kläderna är sydda av silke. |
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