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<p>
	Many nouns that refer to humans and other animals have both a masculine and a feminine form.
	In this way, we can make a distinction between male cats and female cats, and between a boy and a girl.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>the cat</td>
			<td>el gato</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the cat<sup><i class="woman icon"></i></sup></td>
			<td>la gata</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the boy</td>
			<td>el chico</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the girl</td>
			<td>la chica</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	The nouns above are called <strong>declinable nouns</strong>, which means that they change their ending according to their gender.
	When we do not know the gender of a living being, we use the masculine form of the noun.
</p>

<p>
	While practicing the lessons, you will sometimes see the symbol <i class="woman icon"></i>, which is the symbol for <strong>female</strong>.
	For example <strong>the cat<sup><i class="woman icon"></i></sup></strong> refers to a female cat, and should be translated with <strong>gata</strong> and not with <strong>gato</strong>.
</p>

Declinable nouns

<p>
	You've already learned the subject pronouns for singular persons, now we will also learn the subject pronouns for plural persons.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Personal subject pronouns</th>
			<th>Singular</th>
			<th>Plural</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>First person</td>
			<td>yo<br><span style="color: #999999">I</span></td>
			<td>nosotros, nosotras<br><span style="color: #999999">we</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Second person</td>
			<td>tú, usted<br><span style="color: #999999">you</span></td>
			<td>vosotros, vosotras, ustedes<br><span style="color: #999999">you</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third person</td>
			<td>él, ella<br><span style="color: #999999">he, she</span></td>
			<td>ellos, ellas<br><span style="color: #999999">they</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	<strong>Nosotras, vosotras and ellas</strong> refer to groups of <strong>only females</strong> and <strong>nosotros, vosotros and ellos</strong> refer to groups of <strong>only males</strong> or to groups with <strong>both males and females</strong>.
</p>

<p>
	<strong>Tú, vosotros and vosotras</strong> are informal forms, used for addressing friends and family. 
	<strong>Usted and ustedes</strong> are more formal, used for addressing strangers and superiors.
</p>

<p>
	In Latin America, <strong>ustedes</strong> is generally used instead of <strong>vosotros and vosotras</strong>, whether addressing friends or strangers.
	You will only need to use <strong>vosotros and vosotras</strong> when you go to Spain.
</p>

Personal subject pronouns 2

<p>
	Now you will learn the conjugations of regular verbs ending in <strong>-ar</strong> in the present tense for all persons, including plural persons.
	Below you can see the endings for each person.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Replace -ar with</th>
			<th>Singular</th>
			<th>Plural</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>First person</td>
			<td>-o</td>
			<td>-amos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Second person</td>
			<td>-as</td>
			<td>-áis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third person</td>
			<td>-a</td>
			<td>-an</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Beneath you can see examples of the conjugated verb <strong>hablar</strong>.
	Note that the polite forms <strong>usted</strong> and <strong>ustedes</strong> use <strong>third instead of second person conjugations</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Personal subject pronouns</th>
			<th>Singular</th>
			<th>Plural</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>First person</td>
			<td>(Yo) habl<strong>o</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">I speak.</span></td>
			<td>(Nosotros/nosotras) habl<strong>amos</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">We speak.</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Second person</td>
			<td>(Tú) habl<strong>as</strong>.<br>(Usted) habl<strong>a</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">You speak.</span></td>
			<td>(Vosotros/vosotras) habl<strong>áis</strong>.<br>(Ustedes) habl<strong>an</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">You speak.</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third person</td>
			<td>(Él/ella) habl<strong>a</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">He/she speaks.</span></td>
			<td>(Ellos/ellas) habl<strong>an</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">They speak.</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

The present tense in -ar 2

<p>
	<strong>Nouns</strong> refer to things and ideas.
	In Spanish, nouns have <strong>gender</strong>.
	Nouns are either <strong>masculine</strong> or <strong>feminine</strong>.
	The <strong>gender</strong> of the noun determines what <strong>articles</strong> we use in front of the noun.
</p>

<p>
	Spanish has both <strong>definite</strong> and <strong>indefinite</strong> articles.
	<strong>Definite articles</strong> refer to <strong>specific</strong> things.
	<strong>Indefinite articles</strong> refer to <strong>unspecified</strong> things.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Articles</th>
			<th>Masculine</th>
			<th>Feminine</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Definite</td>
			<td>el</td>
			<td>la</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Indefinite</td>
			<td>un</td>
			<td>una</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	There is no rule to determine whether a noun is masculine or feminine.
	However, most nouns that end in <strong>-o</strong> are <strong>masculine</strong> and most nouns that end in <strong>-a</strong> are <strong>feminine</strong>.
	Be aware that there are exceptions to this rule, which you will need to memorize when you encounter them.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>el/un momento<br><span style="color: #999999">the/a moment</span></td>
			<td>el/un mundo<br><span style="color: #999999">the/a world</span></td>
			<td>la/una cosa<br><span style="color: #999999">the/a thing</span></td>
			<td>la/una pregunta<br><span style="color: #999999">the/a question</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Articles, nouns and gender

<p>
	Now you will learn the conjugations of <strong>-er</strong> in the present tense for all persons, including plural persons.
	Below you can see the endings for each person.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Replace -er with</th>
			<th>Singular</th>
			<th>Plural</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>First person</td>
			<td>-o</td>
			<td>-emos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Second person</td>
			<td>-es</td>
			<td>-éis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third person</td>
			<td>-e</td>
			<td>-en</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Beneath you can see examples of the conjugated verb <strong>comer</strong>.
	Note that the polite forms <strong>usted</strong> and <strong>ustedes</strong> use <strong>third instead of second person conjugations</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Personal subject pronouns</th>
			<th>Singular</th>
			<th>Plural</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>First person</td>
			<td>(Yo) com<strong>o</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">I eat.</span></td>
			<td>(Nosotros/nosotras) com<strong>emos</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">We eat.</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Second person</td>
			<td>(Tú) com<strong>es</strong>.<br>(Usted) com<strong>e</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">You eat.</span></td>
			<td>(Vosotros/vosotras) com<strong>éis</strong>.<br>(Ustedes) com<strong>en</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">You eat.</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third person</td>
			<td>(Él/ella) com<strong>e</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">He/she eats.</span></td>
			<td>(Ellos/ellas) com<strong>en</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">They eat.</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

The present tense in -er 2

<p>
	Now you will learn the conjugations of <strong>-ir</strong> in the present tense for all persons, including plural persons.
	Below you can see the endings for each person.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Replace -ir with</th>
			<th>Singular</th>
			<th>Plural</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>First person</td>
			<td>-o</td>
			<td>-imos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Second person</td>
			<td>-es</td>
			<td>-ís</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third person</td>
			<td>-e</td>
			<td>-en</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Beneath you can see examples of the conjugated verb <strong>vivir</strong>.
	Note that the polite forms <strong>usted</strong> and <strong>ustedes</strong> use <strong>third instead of second person conjugations</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Personal subject pronouns</th>
			<th>Singular</th>
			<th>Plural</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>First person</td>
			<td>(Yo) viv<strong>o</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">I live.</span></td>
			<td>(Nosotros/nosotras) viv<strong>imos</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">We live.</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Second person</td>
			<td>(Tú) viv<strong>es</strong>.<br>(Usted) viv<strong>e</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">You live.</span></td>
			<td>(Vosotros/vosotras) viv<strong>ís</strong>.<br>(Ustedes) viv<strong>en</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">You live.</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third person</td>
			<td>(Él/ella) viv<strong>e</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">He/she lives.</span></td>
			<td>(Ellos/ellas) viv<strong>en</strong>.<br><span style="color: #999999">They live.</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

The present tense in -ir 2

<p>
	Articles and nouns both have plural forms. See the table below for the plural forms of the articles.
</p>

<table class="ui celled definition table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Singular</td>
			<td>el</td>
			<td>la</td>
			<td>un</td>
			<td>una</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plural</td>
			<td>los</td>
			<td>las</td>
			<td>unos</td>
			<td>unas</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	If a noun ends in a vowel we add <strong>-s</strong> to make it plural.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>el libro (the book)</td>
			<td>los libro<strong>s</strong> (the books)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>un libro (a book)</td>
			<td>unos libro<strong>s</strong> (some books)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	If a noun ends in a consonant we add <strong>-es</strong> to make it plural.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>la ciudad (the city)</td>
			<td>las ciudad<strong>es</strong> (the cities)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>una ciudad (a city)</td>
			<td>unas ciudad<strong>es</strong> (some cities)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	There are actually some exceptions to the <strong>-es</strong> rule, but you will learn them in a later lesson.
</p>

The plural forms of nouns and articles

<p>
	In Spanish, adjectives normally come after the nouns they describe.
	Adjectives change both with the <strong>gender</strong> and the <strong>number</strong> of the noun they describe.
</p>

<p>
	Adjectives that end in <strong>o</strong> have four forms, which change according to <strong>gender</strong> and <strong>number</strong> in exactly the same way as you would expect from nouns.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>the crazy cat</td>
			<td>el gat<strong>o</strong> loc<strong>o</strong><br></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the crazy cat<sup><i class="ui woman icon"></i></sup></td>
			<td>la gat<strong>a</strong> loc<strong>a</strong></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the crazy cats</td>
			<td>los gat<strong>os</strong> loc<strong>os</strong></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the crazy cats<sup><i class="ui woman icon"></i></sup></td>
			<td>las gat<strong>as</strong> loc<strong>as</strong></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Adjectives that end in another vowel do not change with gender, but do change with number, by taking an <strong>-s</strong> at the end.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>the big cat</td>
			<td>el gat<strong>o</strong> grande<br></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the big cat<sup><i class="ui woman icon"></i></sup></td>
			<td>la gat<strong>a</strong> grande</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the big cats</td>
			<td>los gat<strong>os</strong> grande<strong>s</strong></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the big cats<sup><i class="ui woman icon"></i></sup></td>
			<td>las gat<strong>as</strong> grande<strong>s</strong></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Most of the adjectives that end in a consonant do not change with gender either, but do change with number, by taking <strong>-es</strong> at the end.
	Some do change with gender however, and we will always teach you both the masculine and feminine form of these adjectives.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>the social cat</td>
			<td>el gat<strong>o</strong> social<br></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the social cat<sup><i class="ui woman icon"></i></sup></td>
			<td>la gat<strong>a</strong> social</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the social cats</td>
			<td>los gat<strong>os</strong> social<strong>es</strong></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the social cats<sup><i class="ui woman icon"></i></sup></td>
			<td>las gat<strong>as</strong> social<strong>es</strong></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Adjectives

<p>
	In this lesson you will learn about the irregular Spanish verb <strong>ser</strong>.
	Let's see how to conjugate it, and then see its meaning by looking at some example sentences.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Conjugations of <strong>ser</strong></th>
			<th>Singular</th>
			<th>Plural</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>First person</td>
			<td>soy</td>
			<td>somos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Second person</td>
			<td>eres</td>
			<td>sois</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third person</td>
			<td>es</td>
			<td>son</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>I am a student.</td>
			<td><strong>Soy</strong> estudiante.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>You<sup><i class="ui woman icon"></i></sup> are a monkey.</td>
			<td><strong>Eres</strong> una mona.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The party is in the house.</td>
			<td>La fiesta <strong>es</strong> en la casa.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Today is Thursday.</td>
			<td>Hoy <strong>es</strong> jueves.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>We are friends.</td>
			<td><strong>Somos</strong> amigos.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>You<sup><i class="ui woman icon"></i></sup> are drunkards.</td>
			<td><strong>Sois</strong> borrachas.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>They are apples.</td>
			<td><strong>Son</strong> manzanas.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	All days of the week are masculine, and are written without a capital letter.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>English</th>
            <th>Spanish</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr data-item="21611"></tr>
		<tr data-item="21612"></tr>
		<tr data-item="21613"></tr>
		<tr data-item="21614"></tr>
		<tr data-item="21615"></tr>
		<tr data-item="21616"></tr>
		<tr data-item="21617"></tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<p>
	When telling what we're doing on a day, the English word <strong>on</strong> is translated with a definite article.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>English</th>
            <th>Spanish</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr data-item="214799"></tr>
		<tr data-item="214800"></tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

The days of the week

<p>
	In this lesson you will learn about the irregular Spanish verb <strong>estar</strong>.
	Let's see how to conjugate it, and then see it's meaning by looking at some example sentences.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Conjugations of <strong>ser</strong></th>
			<th>Singular</th>
			<th>Plural</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>First person</td>
			<td>estoy</td>
			<td>estamos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Second person</td>
			<td>estás</td>
			<td>estáis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third person</td>
			<td>está</td>
			<td>están</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	<strong>Estar</strong> has a meaning close to <strong>ser</strong>, but is used in different situations.
</p>
<p>
	When talking about characteristics of persons or things, <strong>estar</strong> is often used for things that are of a more temporary nature than <strong>ser</strong>.
	For example, <strong>ser</strong> is used to describe someone as a drunkard, a not so temporary characteristic, whereas <strong>estar</strong> is used to describe someone as being <strong>drunk</strong>.
</p>
<p>
	For the same reason, <strong>ser</strong> is used to describe someone's origin, occupation, religious or political affiliation, relations between people, and character.
</p>
<p>
	<strong>Estar</strong> is normally used to describe the <strong>location of people and things</strong>, even when they are permanent locations, whereas <strong>ser</strong> is used to describe the <strong>location of events</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Sentences with estar</th>
			<th>Uses</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td><strong>Estoy</strong> en el jardín.<br><span style="color: #999999">I am in the garden.</span></td>
			<td>location of person</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><strong>Estás</strong> nerviosa hoy.<br><span style="color: #999999">You<sup><i class="ui woman icon"></i></sup> are nervous today.</span></td>
			<td>temporary state of person</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buenos Aires <strong>está</strong> en Argentina.<br><span style="color: #999999">Buenos Aires is in Argentina.</span></td>
			<td>location of geographic entity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>El café <strong>está</strong> caliente.<br><span style="color: #999999">The coffee is hot.</span></td>
			<td>temporary state of object</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><strong>Estamos</strong> contentos con el resultado.<br><span style="color: #999999">We are happy with the result.</span></td>
			<td>temporary state of person</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><strong>Estáis</strong> borrachas.<br><span style="color: #999999">You<sup><i class="ui woman icon"></i></sup> are drunk.</span></td>
			<td>temporary state of person</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Las bicicletas <strong>están</strong> en la casa.<br><span style="color: #999999">The bicyles are in the house</span>.</td>
			<td>location of object</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Sentences with ser</th>
			<th>Uses</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td><strong>Soy</strong> estudiante.<br><span style="color: #999999">I am a student.</span></td>
			<td>long-lasting property (occupation)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><strong>Eres</strong> una mona.<br><span style="color: #999999">You<sup><i class="ui woman icon"></i></sup> are a monkey.</span></td>
			<td>long-lasting property</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>La fiesta <strong>es</strong> en la casa.<br><span style="color: #999999">The party is in the house.</span></td>
			<td>location of event</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoy <strong>es</strong> jueves.<br><span style="color: #999999">Today is Thursday.</span></td>
			<td>telling time</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><strong>Somos</strong> amigos.<br><span style="color: #999999">We are friends.</span></td>
			<td>relation between people</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><strong>Sois</strong> borrachas.<br><span style="color: #999999">You<sup><i class="ui woman icon"></i></sup> are drunkards.</span></td>
			<td>long-lasting property</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><strong>Son</strong> manzanas.<br><span style="color: #999999">They are apples.</span>.</td>
			<td>long-lasting property</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Estar

<p>
	To transform a Spanish sentence containing <strong>hay</strong> into a question, you don't change the word order.
	It is enough just to use a different intonation.
	Questions start with an upside down question mark when written.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Is there bread on the table?</td>
			<td>¿Hay pan en la mesa?</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>No, there is not.</td>
			<td>No. No hay.
		</td></tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Are there many drunkards in the city?</td>
			<td>¿Hay muchos borrachos en la ciudad?</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yes, there are.</td>
			<td>Sí. Hay.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	When asking questions using other verbs, the verb normally comes at the beginning of the sentence.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Does the cat eat bread?</td>
			<td>¿Come el gato pan?</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Do you speak English?</td>
			<td>¿Habla usted Inglés?</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	In reality, the word order when forming questions with other verbs than <strong>hay</strong> is more flexible.
	Changing the order to <strong>verb</strong>, then <strong>subject</strong> and then <strong>object</strong> is the most common way however, and will be the default way to do it in our lessons.
</p>

Questions

<p>
	In this lesson you learn to count from 16 to 29 in Spanish.
	You'll see that from 16 onward there is a regularity in counting.
	From 30 onward, slightly different rules apply, which luckily also follow a regular pattern.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0 - cero</td>
			<td>10 - diez</td>
			<td>20 - veinte</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 - uno</td>
			<td>11 - once</td>
			<td>21 - veintiuno</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 - dos</td>
			<td>12 - doce</td>
			<td>22 - veintidós</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 - tres</td>
			<td>13 - trece</td>
			<td>23 - veintitrés</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4 - cuatro</td>
			<td>14 - catorce</td>
			<td>24 - veinticuatro</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 - cinco</td>
			<td>15 - quince</td>
			<td>25 - veinticinco</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 - seis</td>
			<td>16 - dieciséis</td>
			<td>26 - veintiséis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7 - siete</td>
			<td>17 - diecisiete</td>
			<td>27 - veintisiete</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8 - ocho</td>
			<td>18 - dieciocho</td>
			<td>28 - veintiocho</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9 - nueve</td>
			<td>19 - diecinueve</td>
			<td>29 - veintinueve</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	You have already learned that <strong>one</strong> before a masculine noun becomes <strong>un</strong> and before a feminine noun becomese <strong>una</strong>.
	The same principle applies to numbers that end in <strong>uno</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>the twenty-one books</td>
			<td>los veinti<strong>ún</strong> libros</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the twenty-one houses</td>
			<td>las veinti<strong>unas</strong> casas</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Counting from 16 to 29

Z: Miscellaneous

<p>
	Until now we've learned two rules for making a Spanish noun plural:
</p>

<ol>
	<li>If the noun ends in a <strong>vowel</strong>, add <strong>-s</strong>
	</li><li>If the noun ends in a <strong>consonant</strong>, add <strong>-es</strong>
</li></ol>

<p>
	The second rule has some exceptions, which are summed up below.
</p>

<p>
	If the noun ends in a <strong>z</strong>, drop the <strong>z</strong> and add <strong>-ces</strong>
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>el lápiz<br><span style="color: #999999;">the pencil</span></td>
			<td>los lápi<strong>ces</strong><br><span style="color: #999999;">the pencils</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	If the noun ends in an <strong>s</strong> or an <strong>x</strong>, add <strong>-es</strong> only <strong>if the stress is on the last syllable</strong> (which is always the case in monosyllabic words).
	Otherwise, add <strong>nothing</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>el a<strong>ná</strong>lisis<br><span style="color: #999999;">the analysis</span></td>
			<td>los análisis<br><span style="color: #999999;">the analyses</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>el pa<strong>ís</strong><br><span style="color: #999999;">the country</span></td>
			<td>los país<strong>es</strong><br><span style="color: #999999;">the countries</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>el <strong>fax</strong><br><span style="color: #999999;">the fax</span></td>
			<td>los fax<strong>es</strong><br><span style="color: #999999;">the faxes</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>el <strong>to</strong>rax<br><span style="color: #999999;">the thorax</span></td>
			<td>los torax<br><span style="color: #999999;">the thoraxes</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	And finally, if the noun has an accent mark on the last syllable, we remove the accent mark if that doesn't influence its pronunciation.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>el avión<br><span style="color: #999999;">the plane</span></td>
			<td>los avion<strong>es</strong><br><span style="color: #999999;">the planes</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	This is because the stress is on the second last syllable by default, so here <strong>aviones</strong> retains the stress on <strong>on</strong> even though we drop the accent mark.
	Note that in <strong>países</strong> we didn't drop the accent mark, since this would have changed the pronuncation, because without the accent mark <strong>país</strong> would have been pronounced as one syllable instead of two.
</p>

Irregularities in plural nouns

<p>
	Besides declinable nouns, Spanish also has <strong>invariant</strong> multigender nouns.
	These nouns also have a masculine and a feminine form, but these two forms are written in the same way.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>the student</td>
			<td>el estudiante</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the student<sup><i class="woman icon"></i></sup></td>
			<td>la estudiante</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the artist</td>
			<td>el artista</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the artist<sup><i class="woman icon"></i></sup></td>
			<td>la artista</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	We will always teach you both the masculine form and the feminine form of declinable and invariant nouns.
</p>

Invariant nouns

<p>
	When the sun rises, <strong>la mañana</strong> begins, and it lasts until 12:00 when it is replaced by <strong>la tarde</strong>.
	And then, when the sun has set, <strong>la noche</strong> begins, until the sun rises again, and <strong>la mañana</strong> reappears.
</p>

The times of the day

<p>
	The Spanish word <strong>hay</strong> means <strong>there is</strong> or <strong>there are</strong>.
	Look at the example sentences below to see how to use <strong>hay</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>There is bread on the table.</td>
			<td>Hay pan en la mesa.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>There are many drunkards in the city.</td>
			<td>Hay muchos borrachos en la ciudad.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	We can make sentences negative by putting the word <strong>no</strong> in front of the verb.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>There is no bread on the table.</td>
			<td><strong>No</strong> hay pan en la mesa.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The cat doesn't eat bread.</td>
			<td>El gato <strong>no</strong> come pan.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I don't speak Spanish.</td>
			<td><strong>No</strong> hablo español.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Negation

<p>
	Welcome to our Spanish course.
	In this course you will learn Spanish by reading small grammar explanations, and then practicing the grammar and some new vocabulary in small exercises.
</p>

<p>
	You will begin by learning the subject pronouns that are used for singular persons, such as <strong>I</strong>, <strong>you</strong>, <strong>he</strong> and <strong>she</strong>.
	Then, in the next lesson, we will start to learn how to make some sentences in Spanish.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>yo<br><span style="color: #999999">I</span></td>
			<td>tú, usted<br><span style="color: #999999">you</span></td>
			<td>él<br><span style="color: #999999">he</span></td>
			<td>ella<br><span style="color: #999999">she</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Note that there are two ways to say <strong>you</strong> in Spanish.
	<strong>Tú</strong> is used in informal situations, for addressing friends and family. 
	<strong>Usted</strong> is more formal, used for addressing strangers and superiors.
</p>

<p>
	Now, before continuing to the next lesson, click the button below to practice these words first.
	In this way you make sure you'll remember them. We promise it won't take long.
</p>

Personal subject pronouns 1

<p>
	Spanish verbs end in <strong>-ar</strong>, <strong>-er</strong> or <strong>-ir</strong>.
	In this lesson we will learn to conjugate verbs ending in <strong>-ar</strong> in the present tense.
	<strong>The present tense is used to speak both about things that are happening right now and about things that happen frequently.</strong>
</p>

<p>
	Some examples of verbs ending in <strong>-ar</strong>:
</p>

<table class="ui celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>hablar<br><span style="color: #999999">to speak, to talk</span></td>
			<td>llegar<br><span style="color: #999999">to arrive</span></td>
			<td>preguntar<br><span style="color: #999999">to ask</span></td>
			<td>trabajar<br><span style="color: #999999">to work</span></td>
			<td>estudiar<br><span style="color: #999999">to study</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	In the present tense, we replace the ending <strong>-ar</strong> by a different ending, depending on the person who is performing the action.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Replace -ar with</th>
			<th>Ending</th>
			<th>Example</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>First person (I)</td>
			<td>-o</td>
			<td>(yo) habl<strong>o</strong><br><span style="color: #999999">I speak</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Second person (you)</td>
			<td>-as</td>
			<td>(tú) habl<strong>as</strong>, (usted) habl<strong>a</strong><br><span style="color: #999999">you speak</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third person (he, she)</td>
			<td>-a</td>
			<td>(él) habl<strong>a</strong>, (ella) habl<strong>a</strong><br><span style="color: #999999">he speaks, she speaks</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Note that the polite form <strong>usted</strong> uses <strong> the third instead of the second person conjugation</strong>.
	<strong>Spanish subject pronouns are often omitted</strong>, since the verb ending already gives information about who the subject is.
</p>

The present tense in -ar 1

<p>
	Spanish is an <strong>SVO</strong> language, meaning that normally, subjects come before verbs and verbs come before objects.
	<strong>You can use nouns both in subject positions and in object positions without modifying them.</strong>
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>I ask a question.</td>
			<td>Pregunto una pregunta.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pablo studies English.</td>
			<td>Pablo estudia Inglés.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>You study Spanish.</td>
			<td>Estudias Español.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The computer asks a question.</td>
			<td>La computadora pregunta una pregunta.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Word order

<p>
	Some examples of verbs ending in <strong>-er</strong>:
</p>

<table class="ui celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>comer<br><span style="color: #999999">to eat</span></td>
			<td>leer<br><span style="color: #999999">to read</span></td>
			<td>comprender<br><span style="color: #999999">to understand</span></td>
			<td>aprender<br><span style="color: #999999">to learn</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	In the present tense, we replace the ending <strong>-er</strong> by a different ending, depending on the person who is performing the action.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Replace -er with</th>
			<th>Ending</th>
			<th>Example</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>First person (I)</td>
			<td>-o</td>
			<td>(yo) com<strong>o</strong><br><span style="color: #999999">I eat</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Second person (you)</td>
			<td>-es</td>
			<td>(tú) com<strong>es</strong>, (usted) com<strong>e</strong><br><span style="color: #999999">you eat</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third person (he, she)</td>
			<td>-e</td>
			<td>(él) com<strong>e</strong>, (ella) com<strong>e</strong><br><span style="color: #999999">he eats, she eats</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Note that the polite form <strong>usted</strong> uses <strong> the third instead of the second person conjugation</strong>.
</p>

The present tense in -er 1

<p>
	Some examples of verbs ending in <strong>-ir</strong>:
</p>

<table class="ui celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>vivir<br><span style="color: #999999">to live</span></td>
			<td>escribir<br><span style="color: #999999">to write</span></td>
			<td>abrir<br><span style="color: #999999">to open</span></td>
			<td>compartir<br><span style="color: #999999">to share</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	In the present tense, we replace the ending <strong>-ir</strong> by a different ending, depending on the person who is performing the action.
	Note that these endings are exactly the same as for verbs ending in <strong>-er</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Replace -ir with</th>
			<th>Ending</th>
			<th>Example</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>First person (I)</td>
			<td>-o</td>
			<td>(yo) viv<strong>o</strong><br><span style="color: #999999">I live</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Second person (you)</td>
			<td>-es</td>
			<td>(tú) viv<strong>es</strong>, (usted) viv<strong>e</strong><br><span style="color: #999999">you live</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third person (he, she)</td>
			<td>-e</td>
			<td>(él) viv<strong>e</strong>, (ella) viv<strong>e</strong><br><span style="color: #999999">he lives, she lives</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Note that the polite form <strong>usted</strong> uses <strong> the third instead of the second person conjugation</strong>.
</p>

The present tense in -ir 1

<p>
	The verb <strong>deber</strong> is often used together with another verb in the <strong>infinitive form</strong>.
	The infinitive form is the form ending in <strong>-ar</strong>, <strong>-er</strong> or <strong>-ir</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>I must learn Spanish.</td>
			<td>Debo aprender español.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>You ought to work.</td>
			<td>Vosotros debéis trabajar.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>You should read the book.</td>
			<td>Ustedes deben leer el libro.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Deber + infinitive

<p>
	Words that end in a <strong>vowel</strong>, an <strong>s</strong> or an <strong>n</strong> are stressed on the <strong>second last syllable</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>the potato</td>
			<td>la p<strong>a</strong>pa</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the time</td>
			<td>el <strong>tie</strong>mpo</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the exam, the examination</td>
			<td>el ex<strong>a</strong>men</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the crisis</td>
			<td>la <strong>cri</strong>sis</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Words that end in <strong>consonants</strong> other than <strong>s</strong> or <strong>n</strong> are stressed on the <strong>last syllable</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>the truth</td>
			<td>la ver<strong>dad</strong></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the color</td>
			<td>el co<strong>lor</strong></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Words that do not obey the two rules above, always carry an <strong>accent mark</strong> on the <strong>stressed syllable</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>the dad, the father</td>
			<td>el pa<strong>pá</strong></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the relationship</td>
			<td>la rela<strong>ción</strong></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the politics, the policy</td>
			<td>la po<strong>lí</strong>tica</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Word stress

<p>
	In this lesson you'll learn how to count to 15 in Spanish.
	Counting up to 15 is completely irregular.
	After that, it becomes more regular, as you'll learn in a later lesson.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0 - cero</td>
			<td>10 - diez</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 - uno</td>
			<td>11 - once</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 - dos</td>
			<td>12 - doce</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 - tres</td>
			<td>13 - trece</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4 - cuatro</td>
			<td>14 - catorce</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 - cinco</td>
			<td>15 - quince</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 - seis</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7 - siete</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8 - ocho</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9 - nueve</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	The number <strong>one</strong> by itself is <strong>uno</strong> in Spanish.
	However, before a masculine noun it becomes <strong>un</strong> and before a feminine noun it becomese <strong>una</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>one book</td>
			<td><strong>un</strong> libro</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>one house</td>
			<td><strong>una</strong> casa</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>two books</td>
			<td>dos libros</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>three big houses</td>
			<td>tres casas grandes</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Counting from 0 to 15

http://spanish.about.com/od/nouns/a/gender-animals.htm

Z: Animals

Z: Food

Z: Phrases

Z: Clothing

<p>
	Spanish vowels are either <strong>strong</strong> or <strong>weak</strong>.
	The vowels <strong>a</strong>, <strong>e</strong> and <strong>o</strong> are strong.
	The vowels <strong>u</strong> and <strong>i</strong> are weak.
	When two <strong>strong vowels</strong> appear next to each other, they form two <strong>separate syllables</strong>.
	When a vowel appears next to a <strong>weak vowel</strong>, they together form <strong>one single syllable</strong>.
	The two vowels that appear together in one syllable are called <strong>diphthongs</strong>.
</p>

<p>
	Let's look at some words with strong and weak vowels to see how they are divided in syllables.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>the student</td>
			<td>el es-tu-<strong>dian</strong>-te</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the city</td>
			<td>la <strong>ciu</strong>-dad
		</td></tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the theater</td>
			<td>el <strong>te</strong>-<strong>a</strong>-tro</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>the paella</td>
			<td>la <strong>pa</strong>-<strong>e</strong>-lla</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	If we want to prevent the weak vowel from forming a single syllable, then we <strong>put an accent mark on the weak syllable</strong>, thereby breaking the diphthong.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>the country</td>
			<td>el <strong>pa</strong>-<strong>ís</strong></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	<strong>Putting an accent mark on the strong syllable</strong> within a diphthong does not break the diphthong.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>the relationship</td>
			<td>la re-la-<strong>ción</strong></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Diphthongs

Question words

Greeting

Z: Fruits

Z: Vegetables

Colors

Z: Verbs

Meeting

<p>
	In this lesson you will learn the Spanish <strong>possessive determiners</strong>, which are used to convey possession.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed definition table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Possessive determiners</th>
			<th>Singular</th>
			<th>Plural</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>First person</td>
			<td>mi<br><span class="color: #999999;">my</span></td>
			<td>nuestro<br><span class="color: #999999;">our</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Second person</td>
			<td>tu, su<br><span class="color: #999999;">your</span></td>
			<td>vuestro, su<br><span class="color: #999999;">your</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third person</td>
			<td>su<br><span class="color: #999999;">his, her, its</span></td>
			<td>su<br><span class="color: #999999;">their</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Spanish <strong>possessive determiners</strong> agree with the gender and number of the noun they modify.
	In other words, they change based on the whether the thing that is possessed is plural or singular, and whether it is masculine or feminine.
	<strong>Possessive determiners</strong> do not change based on the gender of the possessor, only based on the thing that is possessed.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>mi libro</td>
			<td>mi casa</td>
			<td>mi<strong>s</strong> libros</td>
			<td>mi<strong>s</strong> casas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tu libro</td>
			<td>tu casa</td>
			<td>tu<strong>s</strong> libros</td>
			<td>tu<strong>s</strong> casas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>su libro</td>
			<td>su casa</td>
			<td>su<strong>s</strong> libros</td>
			<td>su<strong>s</strong> casas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nuestro libro</td>
			<td>nuestr<strong>a</strong> casa</td>
			<td>nuestro<strong>s</strong> libros</td>
			<td>nuestr<strong>as</strong> casas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vuestro libro</td>
			<td>vuestr<strong>a</strong> casa</td>
			<td>vuestro<strong>s</strong> libros</td>
			<td>vuestr<strong>as</strong> casas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>su libro</td>
			<td>su casa</td>
			<td>su<strong>s</strong> libros</td>
			<td>su<strong>s</strong> casas</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Possessive determiners

Time units

<p>
	<strong>Tener</strong> is an irregular verb, so you will have to learn how to conjugate it by memorization.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Tener</th>
			<th>Singular</th>
			<th>Plural</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>First person</td>
			<td>Ten<strong>g</strong>o.<br><span style="color: #999999">I have.</span></td>
			<td>Tenemos.<br><span style="color: #999999">We have.</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Second person</td>
			<td>T<strong>i</strong>enes.<br>T<strong>i</strong>ene.<br><span style="color: #999999">You have.</span></td>
			<td>Tenéis.<br>T<strong>i</strong>enen.<br><span style="color: #999999">You have.</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third person</td>
			<td>T<strong>i</strong>ene.<br><span style="color: #999999">He/she has.</span></td>
			<td>T<strong>i</strong>enen.<br><span style="color: #999999">They have.</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Tener

<p>
	This lesson teaches you about <strong>demonstratives</strong> in Spanish,
	which can be used to distinguish objects based on their location.
	Firstly, take a look at the table below.
</p>

<table class="ui celled table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Masculine</th>
			<th>Feminine</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>este libro, estos libros<br><span style="color: #999999;">this book, these books</span></td>
			<td>esta casa, estas casas<br><span style="color: #999999;">this house, these houses</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ese libro, esos libros<br><span style="color: #999999;">that book, those books</span></td>
			<td>esa casa, esas casas<br><span style="color: #999999;">that house, those houses</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>aquel libro, aquellos libros<br><span style="color: #999999;">that book over there<br>those books over there</span></td>
			<td>aquella casa, aquellas casas<br><span style="color: #999999;">that house over there<br>those houses over there</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	As you can see, just as in English, demonstratives can be used as <strong>determiners</strong> in front of nouns.
	The only difference is that Spanish has two versions of <strong>that</strong>.
	The demonstratives in the third row refer to things that are further away than the demonstratives in the second row.
</p>

<p>
	Demonstratives can also be used as <strong>pronouns</strong>,
	which means that you use them by themselves in the place of a noun,
	as you can see in the table below.
</p>

<table class="ui celled table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Masculine</th>
			<th>Feminine</th>
			<th>Neuter</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>este, estos<br><span style="color: #999999;">this (one), these (ones)</span></td>
			<td>esta, estas<br><span style="color: #999999;">this (one), these (ones)</span></td>
			<td>esto, estos<br><span style="color: #999999;">this (one), these (ones)</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ese, esos<br><span style="color: #999999;">that (one), those (ones)</span></td>
			<td>esa, esas<br><span style="color: #999999;">that (one), those (ones)</span></td>
			<td>eso, esos<br><span style="color: #999999;">that (one), those (ones)</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>aquel, aquellos<br><span style="color: #999999;">that (one) over there<br>those (ones) over there</span></td>
			<td>aquella, aquellas<br><span style="color: #999999;">that (one) over there<br>those (ones) over there</span></td>
			<td>aquello, aquellos<br><span style="color: #999999;">that (one) over there<br>those (ones) over there</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	The forms in the third column are <strong>gender neutral</strong> forms.
	You use these forms to refer to unknown objects or unnamed concepts.
	Otherwise you use either the <strong>masculine</strong> or the <strong>feminine</strong> form,
	depending on the gender of the noun you are referring to.
</p>

<p>
	Note that the plural form of the masculine demonstratives and the neuter demonstratives are the same.
</p>

Demonstratives

Conjunctions 3

Family

Z: Prepositions

Z: Dates and time

Z: The months of the year

Z: Seasons

Z: Household

<p>
	<strong>Tener que</strong> is Spanish for <strong>to have to</strong>. It is followed by an infinitive.
</p>

<table class="ui table celled fixed">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>I have to cook dinner.</td>
			<td>Tengo que cocinar la cena.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>You have to practice more.</td>
			<td>Tenéis que practicar más.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Tener que + infinitive

<p>
	<strong>Venir</strong> is another irregular verb, and has the same kind of irregularity as <strong>tener</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Venir</th>
			<th>Singular</th>
			<th>Plural</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>First person</td>
			<td>Ven<strong>g</strong>o.<br><span style="color: #999999">I come.</span></td>
			<td>Venimos.<br><span style="color: #999999">We come.</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Second person</td>
			<td>V<strong>i</strong>enes.<br>V<strong>i</strong>ene.<br><span style="color: #999999">You come.</span></td>
			<td>Venís.<br>V<strong>i</strong>enen.<br><span style="color: #999999">You come.</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third person</td>
			<td>V<strong>i</strong>ene.<br><span style="color: #999999">He/she comes.</span></td>
			<td>V<strong>i</strong>enen.<br><span style="color: #999999">They come.</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Venir

<p>
	In Spanish, the word <strong>que</strong> precedes subordinate clauses.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr data-item="22276"></tr>
		<tr data-item="22279"></tr>
		<tr data-item="22281"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Conjunctions 1: Que

<p>
	In Spanish, there are <strong>three</strong> different words to say <strong>there</strong>, depending on how far away the object you are referring to is from the listener.
	This may seem confusing at first, but all of them are used a lot in speech, so you will get an intuition for when to use which soon enough.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>here</td>
			<td>aquí</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>there<sup>nearby</sup></td>
			<td>ahí</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>there<sup>farther away</sup></td>
			<td>allí</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>there<sup>far away</sup></td>
			<td>allá</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Here and there

Food

<p>
	In Spanish, the <strong>direct object</strong> — the object that receives the action of the verb — is preceded by an <strong>a</strong> if the direct object is a <strong>specified person</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>I'm looking at the television.</td>
			<td>Miro la televisión.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I'm looking at you.</td>
			<td>Miro <strong>a</strong> usted.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Pets or other animals we care about are also sometimes considered persons in this sense, but not all animals are.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>I'm looking at the fox on the television.</td>
			<td>Miro el zorro en la televisión.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I'm looking at my dog.</td>
			<td>Miro <strong>a</strong> mi perro.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Persons are only preceded by <strong>a</strong> when they are <strong>specified</strong>.
	Below, in the second sentence you are looking at a specific doctor, whereas in the first sentence any doctor at all is fine, you don't need a specific doctor.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>I need a doctor.</td>
			<td>Necesito médico.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I'm looking at a doctor.</td>
			<td>Miro <strong>a</strong> un médico.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Personal pronouns are preceded by <strong>a</strong> when they are direct objects.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>I'm looking for someone.</td>
			<td>Busco <strong>a</strong> alguien.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I'm not looking at anyone.</td>
			<td>No miro <strong>a</strong> nadie.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whom are you looking for?</td>
			<td>¿Buscas <strong>a</strong> quién?</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	When using the verbs <strong>tener</strong> and <strong>hay</strong>, the direct object is not preceded by <strong>a</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>I have a girlfriend.</td>
			<td>Tengo novia.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>There is a boy in the street.</td>
			<td>Hay un niño en la calle.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Learning this might seem complicated now, but in time your intuition will tell you when to use and when not to use <strong>a</strong>.
</p>

A + direct object

<p>
	Some animals have masculine words ending in <strong>-o</strong> and similar feminine words ending in <strong>-a</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>el gato<br><span style="color: #999999;">the cat</span></td>
			<td>la gata<br><span style="color: #999999;">the cat<sup><i class="woman icon"></i></sup></span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>el cerdo<br><span style="color: #999999;">the pig</span></td>
			<td>la cerda<br><span style="color: #999999;">the pig<sup><i class="woman icon"></i></sup></span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Other animals have completely different words for the male and the female gender.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>el caballo<br><span style="color: #999999;">the stallion, the horse</span></td>
			<td>la yegua<br><span style="color: #999999;">the mare</span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>el toro<br><span style="color: #999999;">the bull</span></td>
			<td>la vaca<br><span style="color: #999999;">the cow</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	And finally, there are animals which have only one grammatical gender, whether they are male of female.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>el pez<br><span style="color: #999999;">the fish</span></td>
			<td>el pez<br><span style="color: #999999;">the fish<sup><i class="woman icon"></i></sup></span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>la mosca<br><span style="color: #999999;">the fly</span></td>
			<td>la mosca<br><span style="color: #999999;">the fly<sup><i class="woman icon"></i></sup></span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	We can use the words <strong>macho</strong> and <strong>hembra</strong> to distinguish between the male and female animals that have only one grammatical gender.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>el pez macho <br><span style="color: #999999;">the male fish</span></td>
			<td>el pez hembra<br><span style="color: #999999;">the female fish</span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Animals

<p>
	Spanish speakers don't use an indefinite article before an <strong>unmodified</strong> noun when it refers to a concept or idea of something, rather than a particular thing.
	See below how <strong>autor</strong> is not preceded by <strong>un</strong> because it is not modified,
	whereas <strong>profesora</strong> is preceded by <strong>una</strong> because <strong>profesora</strong> is modified by the adjective <strong>joven</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>I am a writer.</td>
			<td>Soy autor.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>She is a young professor.</td>
			<td>Ella es <strong>una</strong> profesora <strong>joven</strong>.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I don't have a fatherland.</td>
			<td>No tengo patria.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I'm wearing a shirt.</td>
			<td>Llevo camisa.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	We also don't use an indefinite article after the bold words in the table below.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>We arrive in half an hour.</td>
			<td>Llegamos en <strong>media</strong> hora.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>He writes with a pencil.</td>
			<td>Escribe <strong>con</strong> lápiz.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>We travel without a car.</td>
			<td>Viajamos <strong>sin</strong> coche.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A certain person is coming tonight.</td>
			<td><strong>Cierta</strong> persona viene esta noche.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>in such a case</td>
			<td>en <strong>tal</strong> caso</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>What a pity!</td>
			<td>¡<strong>Qué</strong> lástima!</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	This might seem like a lot to learn, and there will certainly be other cases we have not mentioned here.
	There is no reason to feel frustrated though, since you will develop an intuition for this soon enough.
</p>

When the indefinite article is not used

Professions

Clothing

<p>
	The Spanish word for <strong>and</strong> is <strong>y</strong>.
	In front of a word that starts with <strong>i</strong> or <strong>hi</strong>, we translate <strong>and</strong> with <strong>e</strong> instead of <strong>y</strong>,
	except when the words starts with <strong>hie</strong>, then we do use <strong>y</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>I speak English and Spanish.</td>
			<td>Hablo inglés <strong>y</strong> español.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I speak Spanish and English.</td>
			<td>Hablo español <strong>e</strong> inglés.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I have many sons and daughters.</td>
			<td>Tengo muchos hijos <strong>e</strong> hijas.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>We have water and ice.</td>
			<td>Tenemos agua <strong>y</strong> hielo.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	The Spanish word for <strong>or</strong> is <strong>o</strong>.
	In front of a word that starts with <strong>o</strong> or <strong>ho</strong>, it is <strong>u</strong> instead of <strong>o</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Do you speak English or spanish?</td>
			<td>Habla (usted) inglés <strong>o</strong> español?</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>We have seven or eight pesos.</td>
			<td>Tenemos siete <strong>u</strong> ocho pesos.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Are you coming tomorrow or today?</td>
			<td>Venís mañana <strong>u</strong> hoy.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Conjunctions 2: And, or

General pronouns and double negation

Z: Conjunctions

<p>
	When the words <strong>de</strong> and <strong>el</strong> follow each other, they combine into the word <strong>del</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>She is the employee of the week.</td>
			<td>Ella es la empleada de la semana.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>You are the employee of the year.</td>
			<td>Tú eres el empleado del año.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	A similar thing happens when the words <strong>a</strong> and <strong>el</strong> follow each other.
	They combine into <strong>al</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>We are walking to the line.</td>
			<td>Caminamos a la línea.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>You are walking to the village.</td>
			<td>(Vosotras) camináis al pueblo.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Contractions

on top of; over; about preposition	sobre
There is a bird on top of my house. sentence	Hay un ave sobre mi casa.
the war noun	la guerra
This book is about a war. sentence	Este libro es sobre una guerra.
between; among, amongst preposition	entre
Between us, I don't believe what he says. sentence	Entre nosotros, no creo lo que dice.
from; since preposition	desde
until, till preposition	hasta
from yesterday until tomorrow phrase	desde ayer hasta mañana
See you tomorrow! phrase	¡Hasta mañana!
under, beneath preposition	bajo
the newspaper noun	el periódico
The newspaper is under the table. sentence	El periódico está bajo la mesa.
toward, towards preposition	hacia
the forest noun	el bosque
I am walking toward the forest. sentence	Camino hacia el bosque.
against preposition	contra
the wall noun	la pared
My back is against the wall. sentence	Mi espalda está contra la pared.
before; in the face of preposition	ante
before my eyes phrase	ante mis ojos

Spanish

Lesson 58: Prepositions