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Spanish (Spain)

### **Por la tele**, **por la radio**

**Por** marks the medium something reaches you through: *por la tele*, *por la radio*. **En la tele** is also very common and means the same.

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### **La cadena** and **el canal**

In Spain both are used for the TV channel you are watching: *cambiar de cadena* and *cambiar de canal* both mean to switch channels. **La cadena** is also the broadcasting company itself, on TV or on the radio, and a YouTube channel is **un canal**. Outside the media, **una cadena** is a chain.

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### Comics and drawings

**El cómic** is a comic or comic book. Many Spaniards also call children's comics **tebeos**, after *TBO*, a magazine first published in 1917. **El dibujo** is a drawing, from **dibujar**; cartoons on TV are **los dibujos animados**.

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### Shows

**El programa** is any TV or radio program. **La comedia** is any comedy: a film, a play or a series. **La ópera** is the art form; Madrid's opera house is the Teatro Real. **El documental** is a documentary, and **el comentario** a comment, spoken or written, including the ones under a video.

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TV, books and shows (el documental, la ópera)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
the documentary	el documental
Last night I watched a documentary on TV.	Anoche vi un documental por la tele.
I love documentaries about animals.	Me encantan los documentales de animales.
This documentary about the ocean is fascinating.	Este documental sobre el océano es fascinante.
Have you seen the documentary about the war?	¿Has visto el documental sobre la guerra?
They talked about the documentary on the radio.	Hablaron del documental por la radio.
the comic (book)	el cómic
My son reads comics every night.	Mi hijo lee cómics todas las noches.
As a child, I read a lot of comics.	De pequeño, leía muchos cómics.
I bought the comic at a bookshop in the center.	Compré el cómic en una librería del centro.
the comedy	la comedia
This comedy is a lot of fun.	Esta comedia es muy divertida.
I like comedies more than documentaries.	Me gustan más las comedias que los documentales.
On Saturday we saw a comedy at the theater.	El sábado vimos una comedia en el teatro.
the opera	la ópera
We listened to the opera on the radio.	Escuchamos la ópera por la radio.
I have never been to the opera.	Nunca he ido a la ópera.
My grandmother used to sing opera.	Mi abuela cantaba ópera.
The tickets for the opera are very expensive.	Las entradas para la ópera son muy caras.
the TV or radio network (channel)	la cadena
Which channel do you watch in the mornings?	¿Qué cadena ves por las mañanas?
This channel has very good documentaries.	Esta cadena tiene muy buenos documentales.
Change the channel, please.	Cambia de cadena, por favor.
My father works at a radio network.	Mi padre trabaja en una cadena de radio.
the drawing	el dibujo
This comic has gorgeous drawings.	Este cómic tiene unos dibujos preciosos.
My daughter has given me a drawing.	Mi hija me ha regalado un dibujo.
My son's drawing is on the wall.	El dibujo de mi hijo está en la pared.
My nephew makes drawings of animals.	Mi sobrino hace dibujos de animales.
the comment	el comentario
I read the comments on the video.	Leo los comentarios del vídeo.
I listened to his comments on the radio.	Escuché sus comentarios por la radio.
I wrote a comment on the website.	Escribí un comentario en la web.
That comment is unfair.	Ese comentario es injusto.
the program (TV, radio)	el programa
I listen to a music program on the radio.	Escucho un programa de música por la radio.
That program is very boring.	Ese programa es muy aburrido.
The program starts at nine.	El programa empieza a las nueve.
fiction	la ficción
I love science fiction movies.	Me encantan las películas de ciencia ficción.
I prefer fiction to documentaries.	Prefiero la ficción a los documentales.
the TV news (bulletin)	el telediario
My parents watch the TV news every night.	Mis padres ven el telediario todas las noches.
Have you watched the TV news today?	¿Has visto el telediario hoy?

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