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### Staying Up Late

We all have nights where we just can't fall asleep. If you suffer from insomnia (**el insomnio**), you might end up staying up late (**trasnochar**).

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### The Consequences of a Bad Night

Staying up too late often leaves you with bags under your eyes (**las ojeras**).

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To avoid waking up in the night (**desvelarse**), some people take a sleeping pill (**el somnífero**). Note that **desvelarse** is a reflexive verb, so it requires a pronoun like *me*, *te*, or *se*.

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### Early Mornings and Waking Up

A very early start to your day is known as **el madrugón**. This is especially tough if you are naturally a sleepyhead (**dormilón** or **dormilona**).

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After a harsh early alarm, you might feel drowsy (**adormilado**) for a while.

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### Getting Alert

To shake off the drowsiness and wake up completely, use the reflexive verb **espabilarse**.

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For many, the best way to finally become fully alert is a quick dose of caffeine (**la cafeína**).

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Sleep Struggles and Routines

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
the insomnia	el insomnio
That cures insomnia.	Eso cura el insomnio.
My grandfather suffers from a lot of insomnia lately.	Mi abuelo sufre mucho insomnio últimamente.
to stay up late	trasnochar
If you start studying now, you are going to stay up late.	Si te pones a estudiar ahora, vas a trasnochar.
the bag under the eye	la ojera
She has very big bags under her eyes from staying up late so much.	Ella tiene unas ojeras muy grandes por trasnochar tanto.
the sleeping pill	el somnífero
Taking a sleeping pill does not remove bags under the eyes.	Tomar un somnífero no quita las ojeras.
to wake up and stay awake	desvelarse
He took a sleeping pill to avoid waking up in the night.	Tomó un somnífero para no desvelarse.
I often wake up in the night and start reading.	Me desvelo a menudo y me pongo a leer.
the early start	el madrugón
sleepyhead	dormilón
Getting up early is very hard for a sleepyhead.	El madrugón es muy duro para un dormilón.
drowsy	adormilado
After getting up early, the boy stayed drowsy.	Después del madrugón, el chico se quedó adormilado.
to wake up completely	espabilarse
You are still drowsy; you have to wake up.	Todavía estás adormilada, tienes que espabilarte.
the caffeine	la cafeína
Black coffee helps you wake up because of the caffeine.	El café solo ayuda a espabilarse por la cafeína.
This has a lot of caffeine and I can't sleep.	Esto tiene mucha cafeína y no puedo dormir.
The girls are big sleepyheads in winter.	Las niñas son muy dormilonas en invierno.
the dawn, the sunrise	el amanecer
I couldn't get back to sleep and saw the sunrise from the window.	Me desvelé y vi el amanecer desde la ventana.
After staying out all night, we got back home at dawn.	Después de trasnochar, volvimos a casa al amanecer.
face down (lying on one's front)	boca abajo
I sleep face down and my neck hurts.	Duermo boca abajo y me duele el cuello.
The baby must not sleep face down.	El bebé no debe dormir boca abajo.

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