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### Pointing fingers

To emphasize exactly *who* is to blame for something, you can put a spotlight on them using a cleft sentence.

Use a conjugated form of the verb *ser* (like *es* or *fue*) + the person + *quien* (who) + the rest of the sentence. If you are emphasizing multiple people, use *quienes*. Notice how *ser* conjugates to match the subject (*fui yo*, *fueron ellos*).

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### Using "el que" and "la que"

Instead of *quien*, you can use *el que*, *la que*, *los que*, or *las que*. The article must match the gender and number of the person or thing you are pointing out.

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### Emphasizing the receiver

To emphasize who *received* the action, include the preposition *a* before the person and again before *quien*.

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### Spotlighting time and place

You can also emphasize exactly *when* or *where* an argument happened by using *cuando* (when) or *donde* (where). Keep any necessary prepositions (like *en*) attached to the place you are emphasizing.

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Sentences for emphasis (es... quien)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
to blame	culpar
It is my brother who always blames me for everything.	Es mi hermano quien siempre me culpa de todo.
It was my sister whom they blamed yesterday.	Fue a mi hermana a quien culparon ayer.
the liar	el mentiroso
the remote control	el mando
It was that liar who broke the remote control!	¡Fue ese mentiroso el que rompió el mando!
to make fun of	burlarse de
It was those liars who made fun of the boy.	Fueron esos mentirosos los que se burlaron del niño.
to snitch	chivarse
It was yesterday when the liar decided to snitch.	Fue ayer cuando el mentiroso decidió chivarse.
It is mom who you are going to snitch to.	Es a mamá a quien te vas a chivar.
the snitch	el chivato
the row (argument)	la bronca
It is this snitch who always causes the row.	Es este chivato quien siempre provoca la bronca.
to hit (strike)	pegar
It was me who hit the snitch in the park.	Fui yo quien le pegó al chivato en el parque.
to insult	insultar
It was in my bedroom where he insulted me yesterday.	Fue en mi dormitorio donde él me insultó ayer.
It is the youngest brother whom you always blame.	Es al hermano más joven a quien siempre culpas.
It is under the sofa where I hid the remote control.	Es debajo del sofá donde escondí el mando.
to accuse	acusar
It was the tallest girl whom he accused.	Fue a la chica más alta a quien él acusó.
It was them who hit me last night.	Fueron ellos quienes me pegaron anoche.
It was me who made fun of her.	Fui yo quien se burló de ella.
It is the loudest scream that scares me.	Es el grito más fuerte el que me asusta.
It was my sister who started the row.	Fue mi hermana la que empezó la bronca.
It is my brother who insults me!	¡Es mi hermano quien me insulta!
It is my sister who always accuses me!	¡Es mi hermana quien siempre me acusa!
It is my brother who is to blame.	Es mi hermano quien tiene la culpa.
Was she the one who was to blame?	¿Fue ella la que tuvo la culpa?
It is not your fault.	No es culpa tuya.
precisely, exactly (just so)	precisamente
It was precisely my brother who broke the remote control.	Fue precisamente mi hermano quien rompió el mando.
That is precisely what the liar said.	Eso es precisamente lo que dijo el mentiroso.

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