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Spanish (Spain)

### Politics and political

**La política** is politics. As a subject it takes the article; after *hablar de* it usually goes without one:

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**Político** is the adjective. Like most adjectives, it usually follows the noun and agrees with it: *un problema político*, *las ideas políticas*.

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### Spain's autonomous communities

Spain is divided into seventeen **comunidades autónomas**, plus two autonomous cities, Ceuta and Melilla. Each has its own president and government, and some have a second official language:

| comunidad autónoma | second official language |
|---|---|
| Cataluña | catalán |
| Galicia | gallego |
| País Vasco | vasco |
| Andalucía | none |

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On its own, **la comunidad** is a community of people:

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### Studies and foreign languages

You know *el estudio* as a studio flat and a TV studio. In the news, *un estudio* is usually a piece of research, and *según un estudio* means "according to a study":

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**Extranjero** ("foreign") usually follows the noun: *un idioma extranjero*, *turistas extranjeros*.

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Politics and society (la política, la comunidad autónoma)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
politics	la política
Politics doesn't interest me.	La política no me interesa.
My father loves talking about politics.	A mi padre le encanta hablar de política.
On the one hand, politics bores me; on the other hand, it's important.	Por un lado, la política me aburre; por otro lado, es importante.
political	político
It's a political problem, not a social one.	Es un problema político, no social.
Tonight there's a political debate on TV.	Esta noche hay un debate político en la tele.
My grandfather never talks about his political ideas.	Mi abuelo nunca habla de sus ideas políticas.
the community	la comunidad
In my neighborhood there is a very big Chinese community.	En mi barrio hay una comunidad china muy grande.
The international community is protesting against the war.	La comunidad internacional protesta contra la guerra.
My sister is part of a community of artists.	Mi hermana forma parte de una comunidad de artistas.
the autonomous community (region of Spain)	la comunidad autónoma
Spain has seventeen autonomous communities.	España tiene diecisiete comunidades autónomas.
Each autonomous community has a president and a government.	Cada comunidad autónoma tiene un presidente y un gobierno.
Galicia is an autonomous community with two official languages.	Galicia es una comunidad autónoma con dos idiomas oficiales.
the study (piece of research)	el estudio
According to a study, young Spaniards read little.	Según un estudio, los jóvenes españoles leen poco.
A study says that the rural population is decreasing.	Un estudio dice que la población rural disminuye.
This month the university has published a study on unemployment.	Este mes la universidad ha publicado un estudio sobre el paro.
foreign	extranjero
Speaking a foreign language is very useful.	Hablar un idioma extranjero es muy útil.
On the coast there are many foreign tourists.	En la costa hay muchos turistas extranjeros.
Many foreign students come to study in Spain.	Muchos estudiantes extranjeros vienen a estudiar a España.

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