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Spanish (Spain)

### Past Wishes and Regrets

To express regret about something that already happened (or didn't happen), use **ojalá** (meaning "if only" or "I wish") followed by the **past perfect subjunctive** (*pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo*). This expresses a strong desire to change a past reality. As with other *ojalá* structures, the word *que* is optional and often dropped.

To form the past perfect subjunctive, combine the imperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb **haber** with the past participle of your main verb (e.g., *estudiado*, *sido*, *elegido*).

| Subject | Haber (auxiliary) |
| --- | --- |
| yo | hubiera |
| tú | hubieras |
| él / ella / usted | hubiera |
| nosotros / nosotras | hubiéramos |
| vosotros / vosotras | hubierais |
| ellos / ellas / ustedes | hubieran |

Use *ojalá hubiera* for regrets about your own actions, or *ojalá no hubiera* for things you wish you hadn't done:

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You can also express regret over someone else's past choices by using the corresponding form of *haber*:

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If the verb you are using is reflexive, such as **atreverse** (to dare), place the reflexive pronoun (*me*, *te*, *se*, *nos*, *os*) immediately before the conjugated form of *haber*:

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Past wishes and regrets (¡ojalá hubiera!)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
to regret (one's own actions)	arrepentirse
stupid	estúpido
I regret being so stupid; I wish I had studied more!	Me arrepiento de ser tan estúpida; ¡ojalá hubiera estudiado más!
My mother was right and now I regret it.	Mi madre tenía razón y ahora me arrepiento.
immature	inmaduro
the rebelliousness	la rebeldía
I was very immature during my period of rebelliousness.	Era muy inmadura durante mi época de rebeldía.
I wish I hadn't been so immature in high school!	¡Ojalá no hubiera sido tan inmaduro en el instituto!
What a stupid boy! I wish he had listened to his parents!	¡Qué chico tan estúpido! ¡Ojalá hubiera escuchado a sus padres!
obedient	obediente
I wish you had been more obedient as a child!	¡Ojalá hubieras sido más obediente de pequeño!
I was neither obedient nor calm.	Yo no era obediente ni tranquilo.
to reflect	reflexionar
Upon reflecting on my youth, I see a lot of rebelliousness.	Al reflexionar sobre mi juventud, veo mucha rebeldía.
You have to reflect; I wish we had chosen a better option!	Tienes que reflexionar; ¡ojalá hubiéramos elegido una opción mejor!
the scar	la cicatriz
I have a horrible scar; I wish I hadn't gotten that tattoo!	Tengo una cicatriz horrible; ¡ojalá no me hubiera hecho ese tatuaje!
to dare	atreverse
She doesn't dare to look at the scar.	Ella no se atreve a mirar la cicatriz.
the gang; the group of friends	la pandilla
I wish we hadn't dared to go out with that gang!	¡Ojalá no nos hubiéramos atrevido a salir con esa pandilla!
to be ashamed	avergonzarse
Today I am ashamed of my old gang; I wish we had been smarter!	Hoy me avergüenzo de mi vieja pandilla; ¡ojalá hubiéramos sido más inteligentes!
He is ashamed of that; I wish he hadn't said it!	Él se avergüenza de eso; ¡ojalá no lo hubiera dicho!
I wish I had gone to the beach with my group of friends!	¡Ojalá hubiera ido a la playa con mi pandilla!
On Saturdays I go out with my group of friends from the neighborhood.	Los sábados salgo con mi pandilla del barrio.

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