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Spanish (Spain)

### Cause and result

You can already give a **cause**: with **porque** after the main idea, or with **como** at the start of the sentence. Now turn it round and give the **result**: **por eso** (*that's why*) and **así que** (*so*). In conversation, **entonces** (*then, so*) does the same job.

| cause | result |
|---|---|
| **Como** llovía, me quedé en casa. | Llovía, **así que** me quedé en casa. |
| No fui **porque** estaba enfermo. | No tenía dinero, **por eso** no fui. |

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**Por eso** points back at the reason (*for that reason*), so it can also open a new sentence. **Así que** usually comes in the middle, after a comma.

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### Adding and limiting: **sobre todo**, **incluso**, **al menos**

**Sobre todo** picks out the most important part (*above all, especially*). **Incluso** adds something surprising (*even*). **Al menos** sets a minimum (*at least*).

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### People: **todo el mundo** and **los demás**

**Todo el mundo** means *everyone*. The verb after it is **singular**: **todo el mundo sabe**, never *todo el mundo saben*. **Los demás** means *the others, the rest*.

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Linking ideas (por eso, así que, sobre todo)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
that's why, for that reason	por eso
I am tired, that's why I am going to bed early.	Estoy cansado, por eso me acuesto temprano.
I had no money, that's why I didn't go.	No tenía dinero, por eso no fui.
I live nearby; that's why I go on foot.	Vivo cerca; por eso voy a pie.
That's why I am telling you.	Por eso te lo digo.
Since it was raining, I stayed at home.	Como llovía, me quedé en casa.
I didn't go because I was sick.	No fui porque estaba enfermo.
I don't have a car. Then how are you coming?	No tengo coche. Entonces, ¿cómo vienes?
It is sunny. So, shall we go to the beach?	Hace sol. Entonces, ¿vamos a la playa?
so (introducing a result)	así que
It was raining, so I stayed at home.	Llovía, así que me quedé en casa.
It was late, so we took a taxi.	Era tarde, así que cogimos un taxi.
There is no bread, so I am going to the supermarket.	No hay pan, así que voy al supermercado.
above all, especially	sobre todo
I like fruit, especially oranges.	Me gusta la fruta, sobre todo las naranjas.
Above all, don't forget the passport.	Sobre todo, no olvides el pasaporte.
It is very hot, especially in August.	Hace mucho calor, sobre todo en agosto.
even	incluso
He works every day, even on Sundays.	Trabaja todos los días, incluso los domingos.
Even my grandmother uses the mobile phone.	Incluso mi abuela usa el móvil.
It was cold, even at the beach.	Hacía frío, incluso en la playa.
at least	al menos
At least we have time.	Al menos tenemos tiempo.
One must sleep at least eight hours.	Hay que dormir al menos ocho horas.
Call me at least once a week.	Llámame al menos una vez por semana.
everyone, everybody	todo el mundo
Everyone is talking about the movie.	Todo el mundo habla de la película.
Everyone knows it.	Todo el mundo lo sabe.
In my village everyone knows each other.	En mi pueblo todo el mundo se conoce.
the others, the rest	los demás
I am staying and the others are going back home.	Yo me quedo y los demás vuelven a casa.
She always helps others.	Siempre ayuda a los demás.
Where are the others?	¿Dónde están los demás?
Ana arrived first and the others arrived afterwards.	Ana llegó primero y los demás llegaron después.

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