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Spanish (Spain)

### Saying hello

**Hola** (hello, hi) works with anyone, at any time of day. Follow it with **¿qué tal?** (how are you? / how's it going?), the most common greeting question in Spain. It needs no verb, but you can add one: *¿qué tal estás?*

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The answer is usually **bien** (well) or **muy bien** (very well). Halfway is **regular** (so-so), and if things are not good, say **mal** (badly, not well).

| how you are | say |
|---|---|
| great | **muy bien** |
| fine | **bien** |
| so-so | **regular** |
| not well | **mal** |

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### Greetings by time of day

Spain eats late, and the greetings follow the clock of the day, not the sun:

| greeting | when | literally |
|---|---|---|
| **buenos días** | from waking up until lunch (about 2 p.m.) | good days |
| **buenas tardes** | from lunch until about 9 p.m. | good afternoons |
| **buenas noches** | from dinner time on; also *good night* | good nights |

All three are plural, and *buenos* agrees with *días* (masculine) while *buenas* agrees with *tardes* and *noches* (feminine).

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### Saying goodbye

**Adiós** is goodbye. **Hasta luego** (see you later) is the everyday Spanish farewell — people say it even when they will not see you again that day. **Hasta mañana** is *see you tomorrow*.

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Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Question	Answer
hello / hi	hola
how are you? / how's it going?	¿qué tal?
Hello! How are you?	¡Hola! ¿Qué tal?
Hi, how are you?	Hola, ¿qué tal estás?
Hi, how's it going? Very well.	Hola, ¿qué tal? Muy bien.
badly / not well	mal
How are you? Not well, I am sick.	¿Qué tal? Mal, estoy enfermo.
Today I am not well.	Hoy estoy mal.
good morning	buenos días
Good morning, how are you?	Buenos días, ¿cómo estás?
Good morning. I am very well.	Buenos días. Estoy muy bien.
good afternoon	buenas tardes
Good afternoon, teacher.	Buenas tardes, profesor.
Good afternoon! Are you busy?	¡Buenas tardes! ¿Estás ocupado?
good evening / good night	buenas noches
Good evening. I am very tired.	Buenas noches. Estoy muy cansado.
Good night, brother!	¡Buenas noches, hermano!
goodbye	adiós
Goodbye, friend.	Adiós, amigo.
see you later	hasta luego
Goodbye! See you later!	¡Adiós! ¡Hasta luego!
See you later, guys.	Hasta luego, chicos.
see you tomorrow	hasta mañana
Goodbye! See you tomorrow!	¡Adiós! ¡Hasta mañana!
See you tomorrow, teacher.	Hasta mañana, profesor.
so-so	regular
How are you? So-so.	¿Qué tal? Regular.
Today I am so-so.	Hoy estoy regular.

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