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Spanish (Spain)

### At the Market

When shopping for fresh produce, you will often buy things by weight. Use **el kilo** to ask for specific amounts.

Adjectives like **fresco** (fresh) come after the noun and match its gender and number.

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### Sweet Fruits

Add fruits to your basket like **la naranja** (the orange) and **el plátano** (the banana).

Adjectives ending in *-e*, like **dulce** (sweet), do not change for gender. Just add *-s* to make them plural.

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### Vegetables and Seasoning

For a good salad or cooked meal, you will need basics like **la lechuga** (the lettuce), **la cebolla** (the onion), and **la zanahoria** (the carrot). Add flavor with **el limón** (the lemon) or **el ajo** (the garlic).

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### Replacing Nouns with "It" and "Them"

To avoid repeating a noun, replace it with a direct object pronoun: **lo** (it, masc.), **la** (it, fem.), **los** (them, masc.), or **las** (them, fem.).

In Spanish, these pronouns go *before* the conjugated verb.

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Fresh Produce

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Question	Answer
the kilo	el kilo
fresh / cool (light, not warm)	fresco
I want a kilo of fresh tomatoes, please.	Quiero un kilo de tomates frescos, por favor.
the orange	la naranja
You have to buy two kilos of oranges.	Tienes que comprar dos kilos de naranjas.
sweet	dulce
The oranges from Spain are very sweet.	Las naranjas de España son muy dulces.
the banana	el plátano
The boys want the sweet bananas.	Los niños quieren los plátanos dulces.
On Saturday you have to look for the bananas.	El sábado tienes que buscar los plátanos.
the lemon	el limón
The fresh fish is very good with lemon.	El pescado fresco está muy bueno con limón.
the lettuce	la lechuga
I need a lemon for the lettuce.	Necesito un limón para la lechuga.
Wash the green lettuce, please!	¡Lava la lechuga verde, por favor!
the onion	la cebolla
the carrot	la zanahoria
The onions and the carrots are there.	Las cebollas y las zanahorias están allí.
the garlic	el ajo
I always cook the meat with onion and garlic.	Yo siempre cocino la carne con cebolla y ajo.
The garlic is good, but I do not eat it.	El ajo es bueno, pero no lo como.
The carrots? I buy them on Mondays.	¿Las zanahorias? Las compro los lunes.
The fresh tomato? I need it for dinner.	¿El tomate fresco? Lo necesito para la cena.
The sweet apples are good, I always buy them.	Las manzanas dulces son buenas, siempre las compro.