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### Formal commands with "usted"

To give a command to someone you address formally as **usted**, start with the present **yo** form, drop the final **-o**, and add the opposite vowel:
- For **-ar** verbs, add **-e**.
- For **-er** and **-ir** verbs, add **-a**.

| Verb | Present "yo" | "Usted" command |
|---|---|---|
| **firmar** | firmo | **firme** |
| **traer** | traigo | **traiga** |
| **poner** | pongo | **ponga** |

Attach object and reflexive pronouns directly to the end of affirmative commands. Add an accent to the original stressed vowel to keep the pronunciation consistent (like **siéntese** from **sentarse**).

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### Plural commands with "ustedes"

For groups of people (**ustedes**), just add **-n** to the **usted** command form.

| Verb | "Usted" command | "Ustedes" command |
|---|---|---|
| **adjuntar** | adjunte | **adjunten** |
| **terminar** | termine | **terminen** |
| **sentarse** | siéntese | **siéntense** |

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### Spelling changes: -car, -gar, -zar

Verbs ending in **-car**, **-gar**, and **-zar** have a spelling change in their formal command forms to keep the pronunciation consistent:
- **-car** becomes **-que** or **-quen** (e.g., **tocar** -> **toque**)
- **-gar** becomes **-gue** or **-guen** (e.g., **pagar** -> **pague**)
- **-zar** becomes **-ce** or **-cen** (e.g., **empezar** -> **empiece**)

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### Attaching double pronouns

When attaching two pronouns—like an indirect object (**se**) and a direct object (**lo** or **la**)—add them in that exact order and include an accent on the verb's original stressed vowel.

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Formal commands

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
to sit down	sentarse
Sit down there, please.	Siéntese allí, por favor.
the ticket window	la ventanilla
Sit down near the ticket window.	Siéntense cerca de la ventanilla.
the application	la solicitud
Sign the application, please.	Firme la solicitud, por favor.
to attach	adjuntar
the copy	la copia
Attach the copy to the document.	Adjunten la copia al documento.
next (following)	siguiente
the procedure	el trámite
Start the next procedure now.	Empiece el siguiente trámite ahora.
the fee	la tasa
Pay the fee here.	Paguen la tasa aquí.
to press (a button), to touch	tocar
the button	el botón
Press the button for the next turn.	Toque el botón para el siguiente turno.
Finish the procedure at that ticket window.	Terminen el trámite en esa ventanilla.
Hand it to him at the ticket window.	Entrégueselo en la ventanilla.
Sign this application.	Firmen esta solicitud.
Pay the fee and press the button.	Pague la tasa y toque el botón.
Attach these documents to the application.	Adjunten estos documentos a la solicitud.
Bring the copy and hand it to her.	Traiga la copia y entréguesela.
the signature	la firma
Sir, put the signature on the document.	Señor, ponga la firma en el documento.
Ladies, look for the signature on the copy.	Señoras, busquen la firma en la copia.

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