Formal causes with "dado que"
When discussing complex topics like demographics and rural migration, you will often need to establish the reasons behind a situation. To express "given that," use the phrase dado que.
When you start a sentence with dado que, state the cause first, add a comma, and then state the result.
| Given that the rural population decreases, many villages are empty. | Dado que la población rural disminuye, muchos pueblos están vacíos. |
| Given that there is a lack of services, families abandon the countryside. | Dado que hay falta de servicios, las familias abandonan el campo. |
Logical results with "por lo tanto"
If you want to state a situation first and then introduce its logical effect, use the connector por lo tanto (therefore).
When connecting two independent but related statements, por lo tanto usually appears right after a semicolon, followed by a comma.
| The city attracts more young people; therefore, there is more employment. | La ciudad atrae a más jóvenes; por lo tanto, hay más empleo. |
| There is no employment here anymore; therefore, my sister is emigrating. | Ya no hay empleo aquí; por lo tanto, mi hermana emigra. |
| The population is decreasing more and more; therefore, they are closing the school. | La población disminuye cada vez más; por lo tanto, cierran la escuela. |
Formal consequences with "por consiguiente"
Another excellent way to introduce a logical result is with por consiguiente (consequently).
It functions exactly like por lo tanto and uses the same punctuation rules, but it sounds slightly more formal.
| No one works in agriculture; consequently, the problem is serious. | Nadie trabaja en la agricultura; por consiguiente, el problema es grave. |
| They are abandoning the village; consequently, the population is decreasing. | Ellas abandonan el pueblo; por consiguiente, la población disminuye. |
| My daughter doesn't like agriculture; consequently, she doesn't live in the rural area. | A mi hija no le gusta la agricultura; por consiguiente, no vive en la zona rural. |
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