Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

Spanish (Latin America)

### Drawing conclusions with "por lo tanto"

When making official declarations, such as announcing a penalty after a doping scandal, you need formal connectors to link the cause to its logical result. The most common of these is **por lo tanto** (therefore). 

{{item:795560}}

{{item:795572}}

### Stating direct results with "en consecuencia"

Another way to express a logical outcome is **en consecuencia** (consequently). It is frequently used in formal reports to show the direct action taken because of a prior event.

{{item:795565}}

{{item:795581}}

### Formal consequences with "por consiguiente"

For highly formal contexts, such as legal or disciplinary rulings, use **por consiguiente** (therefore / consequently). 

{{item:795567}}

{{item:795577}}

### Punctuation and the indicative mood

Notice the punctuation pattern in these official statements. When these connectors join two independent clauses in a single sentence, they are typically preceded by a semicolon (;) and followed by a comma (,). 

Because these connectors declare factual outcomes and official decisions, the verb that follows them is always in the indicative mood.

{{item:795573}}

{{item:795582}}

Connectors of logical result (por lo tanto)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

expression

interjection

noun

numeral

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (yo soy)

Noun gender and definite articles (el, la)

Basic sentences and negation (no)

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Formal and informal you (tú vs. usted)

Plural pronouns and the verb to be (somos, son)

Making nouns plural (-s, -es)

Plural articles (los, las, unos, unas)

Noun gender exceptions

Adjective agreement

Invariable adjectives

State and location (estar)

Ser vs. estar

There is / there are (hay)

Hay vs. estar

To have (tener)

Possession (de)

Possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su)

Regular -ar verbs

Yes/No questions

What and who (qué, quién)

Regular -er verbs

Regular -ir verbs

Asking where (dónde, adónde)

How, when, and why (cómo, cuándo, por qué)

How much and how many (cuánto)

Days of the week

Going to a place (ir a)

Preposition contractions (al, del)

In and by (en)

With me and with you (conmigo, contigo)

Prepositional pronouns (mí, ti)

Conjunctions (y, o, pero)

Giving reasons (porque)

Stem-changing verbs (e to ie)

Stem-changing verbs (o to ue)

Stem-changing verbs (e to i)

Irregular yo forms (hago, salgo)

To know (saber vs. conocer)

Weather expressions (hace, está)

Desires and plans (querer)

Ability and requests (poder)

Obligations (tener que)

Expressing likes (me gusta)

Plural likes (me gustan)

Verbs like gustar (encantar, doler)

Very vs. a lot (muy, mucho)

Numbers 0 to 15 (cero, uno, dos…)

Numbers 16 to 31 (dieciséis, veinte…)

Numbers 30 to 1000 (treinta, cien, mil)

Months of the year (enero, febrero, marzo)

Seasons and dates (el dos de mayo)

Telling time (es la..., son las...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero, segundo, tercero)

Reflexive pronouns and verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

The present continuous (estar + -ando, -iendo)

Near demonstrative adjectives (este, esta, estos, estas)

Medium demonstrative adjectives (ese, esa, esos, esas)

Comparatives of inequality (más / menos ... que)

Comparatives of equality (tan ... como)

Indefinite and negative pronouns (algo, nada, alguien, nadie)

Affirmative commands

Far demonstratives (aquel, aquella)

Possessive pronouns (el mío, el tuyo)

Shortened indefinite adjectives (algún, ningún)

Adverbs of quantity (demasiado, bastante)

Adverbs of frequency (a menudo, a veces)

Adverb formation (-mente)

Exclamations (¡Qué...!)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Relative superlatives (el más... de)

Adjective intensification (-ísimo)

Indirect object pronouns

Pronoun placement with infinitives

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

The 'se lo' rule (se lo, se la)

Impersonal statements (se)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Personal obligation (deber)

Starting actions (empezar a)

Finishing and quitting actions (terminar de, dejar de)

Repeating actions (volver a)

Continuing actions (seguir + gerundio)

Question	Answer
federation	la federación
analysis	el análisis
The federation reviewed the blood analysis.	La federación revisó el análisis de sangre.
doping	el dopaje
The analysis confirmed the athlete's doping.	El análisis confirmó el dopaje del atleta.
suspension	la suspensión
The athlete committed a serious fraud; therefore, he receives a suspension.	El atleta cometió un fraude grave; por lo tanto, recibe una suspensión.
final	definitivo
indefinite	indefinido
The committee did not announce a final punishment nor an indefinite period.	El comité no anunció un castigo definitivo ni un plazo indefinido.
consequently	en consecuencia
The coach did not cooperate; consequently, the federation announced an indefinite suspension.	El entrenador no colaboró; en consecuencia, la federación anunció una suspensión indefinida.
therefore (consequently)	por consiguiente
The team supported the doping; therefore, the result is final.	El equipo apoyó el dopaje; por consiguiente, el resultado es definitivo.
The suspect continues lying; consequently, the court demands the suspension.	El sospechoso sigue mintiendo; en consecuencia, el tribunal exige la suspensión.
Although the director hides the scandal, the federation confirmed the doping; therefore, he loses his position.	Aunque el director oculta el escándalo, la federación confirmó el dopaje; por consiguiente, pierde su puesto.
The expert presented the analysis to the court.	El experto presentó el análisis al tribunal.
substance	la sustancia
The analysis reveals the substance; therefore, the federation confirms the suspension.	El análisis revela la sustancia; por lo tanto, la federación confirma la suspensión.
The athlete uses the substance; consequently, the suspension is indefinite.	El atleta usa la sustancia; en consecuencia, la suspensión es indefinida.
to harm	perjudicar
reputation	la reputación
The athlete must have damaged his reputation; consequently, we do not let him compete.	El atleta habrá perjudicado su reputación; en consecuencia, no lo dejamos competir.
The cheater denied the doping; consequently, we disqualify the participant.	El tramposo negó el dopaje; por consiguiente, descalificamos al participante.
The federation protects the sport; therefore, it cancels the contract.	La federación protege el deporte; por lo tanto, cancela el contrato.
The substance is too dangerous; consequently, the suspension is permanent.	La sustancia es demasiado peligrosa; en consecuencia, la suspensión es definitiva.
to annul	anular
Doping harms the reputation; consequently, the federation annuls the result.	El dopaje perjudica la reputación; en consecuencia, la federación anula el resultado.
The athlete uses the substance; therefore, the judge annuls the medal.	El atleta usa la sustancia; por lo tanto, el juez anula la medalla.