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Sociology

<OpenstaxParagraph>
	Changing fertility, mortality, and migration rates make up the total <OpenstaxTerm>population composition</OpenstaxTerm>, a snapshot of the demographic profile of a population. This number can be measured for societies, nations, world regions, or other groups. The population composition includes the <OpenstaxTerm>sex ratio</OpenstaxTerm>, the number of men for every hundred women, as well as the <OpenstaxTerm>population pyramid</OpenstaxTerm>, a picture of population distribution by sex and age (<a href="#import-auto-id1176012">Figure 20.5</a>).
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxFigure id="import-auto-id1176012" src="https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240226.174525/resources/9c9a43b629756c1f4067590ab076d27578ab5dbb" alt="A population graph shows the percentage of people at each age and by gender. Ages 0 through 4 contains a total of 5.9 percent of the population, with 3 percent male and 2.9 percent female. Ages 20-24 has 6.8 percent of the total population, with 3.7 percent male and 3.5 percent female. Ages 50-54 has 6.4 percent of the population, and it is evenly split between male and female. Ages 70-74 has 4.1 percent of the population and 2.2 percent of that is female. Overall, the graph is relatively even for each age group with a slightly larger group at age 25-29, and beginning to get smaller starting at age 65. Ages older than 65 become progressively lower percentages of the population." mediaType="image/jpg" width="728" height="648" />
<OpenstaxFigureText width="728">
	<strong>Figure 20.5</strong> This population pyramid shows the breakdown of the 2019 U.S. population according to age and sex. (Credit: Populationpyramid.net)
</OpenstaxFigureText>
<OpenstaxTable id="import-auto-id2756572">
	<OpenstaxThead>
		 
		<OpenstaxTr>
			 
			<OpenstaxTh>
				Country
			</OpenstaxTh> 
			<OpenstaxTh>
				Population (in millions)
			</OpenstaxTh> 
			<OpenstaxTh>
				Fertility Rate (number of children per adult women)
			</OpenstaxTh> 
			<OpenstaxTh>
				Mortality Rate (per 1,000 births)
			</OpenstaxTh> 
			<OpenstaxTh>
				Sex Ratio Male to Female
			</OpenstaxTh> 
		</OpenstaxTr> 
	</OpenstaxThead>
	<OpenstaxTbody>
		 
		<OpenstaxTr>
			 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Afghanistan
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				38.4
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				4.4
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				48
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				1.05
			</OpenstaxTd> 
		</OpenstaxTr> 
		<OpenstaxTr>
			 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Finland
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				5.52
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				1.4
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				2.0
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				1.04
			</OpenstaxTd> 
		</OpenstaxTr> 
		<OpenstaxTr>
			 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				United States of America
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				328.3
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				1.7
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				5.7
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				0.97
			</OpenstaxTd> 
		</OpenstaxTr> 
	</OpenstaxTbody>
</OpenstaxTable>
<OpenstaxTableTitle>
	<strong>Table 20.1</strong> Varying Fertility and Mortality Rated by Country - As the table illustrates, countries vary greatly in fertility rates and mortality rates—the components that make up a population composition. This data is from 2018, and changes occur continually. For example, in 2014, the number of children per adult woman in Afghanistan was 5.4 – generally an average of one more child per family. And the U.S. was slightly higher at 2.0 (World Bank 2019)
</OpenstaxTableTitle>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	Comparing the three countries in <a href="#import-auto-id2756572">Table 20.1</a> reveals that there are more men than women in Afghanistan and Finland, whereas the reverse is true in the United States. Afghanistan also has significantly higher fertility and mortality rates than either of the other two countries. In all three cases, the fertility rates have dropped in recent years, but Afghanistan's drop (from 5.4 children per woman to 4.4) will likely be the most impactful (World Bank 2019). Do these statistics surprise you? How do you think the population makeup affects the political climate and economics of the different countries?
</OpenstaxParagraph>

20.1.1 Population Growth

1 An Introduction to Sociology

1.1 What Is Sociology?

1.1.1 What Are Society and Culture?

1.1.2 Studying Patterns: How Sociologists View Society

1.1.3 Studying Part and Whole: How Sociologists View Social Structures

1.2 The History of Sociology

1.2.1 Creating a Discipline: European Theorists

1.2.2 Applying the Discipline: American Theorists and Practitioners

1.3 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology

1.3.1 Functionalism

1.3.2 Conflict Theory

1.3.3 Symbolic Interactionist Theory

1.3.4 Sociological Theory Today

1.4 Why Study Sociology?

1.4.1 Sociology and a Better Society

1.4.2 Sociology in the Workplace

2 Sociological Research

2.1 Approaches to Sociological Research

2.1.1 The Scientific Method

2.1.2 Interpretive Framework

2.1.3 Critical Sociology

2.2 Research Methods

2.2.1 Surveys

2.2.2 Field Research

2.2.3 Experiments

2.2.4 Secondary Data Analysis

2.3 Ethical Concerns

3 Culture

3.1 What Is Culture?

3.1.1 Cultural Universals

3.1.2 Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

3.2 Elements of Culture

3.2.1 Values and Beliefs

3.2.2 Norms

3.2.3 Symbols and Culture

3.2.4 Language and Symbols

3.2.5 Language and Culture

3.3 High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change

3.3.1 High, Low, and Popular Culture

3.3.2 Subculture and Counterculture

3.3.3 Cultural Change

3.4 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture

4 Society and Social Interaction

4.1 Types of Societies

4.1.1 Preindustrial Societies

4.1.2 Industrial Society

4.1.3 Postindustrial Society

4.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Society

4.2.1 Émile Durkheim and Functionalism

4.2.2 Karl Marx and Conflict Theory

4.2.3 Max Weber and Symbolic Interactionism

4.3 Social Constructions of Reality

4.3.1 Roles and Status

4.3.2 Presentation of Self

5 Socialization

5.1 Theories of Self-Development

5.1.1 Psychological Perspectives on Self-Development

5.1.2 Sociological Theories of Self-Development

5.2 Why Socialization Matters

5.2.1 Nature versus Nurture

5.3 Agents of Socialization

5.3.1 Social Group Agents

5.3.2 Institutional Agents

5.4 Socialization Across the Life Course

5.4.1 Resocialization

6 Groups and Organization

6.1 Types of Groups

6.1.1 Defining a Group

6.1.2 Types of Groups

6.1.3 In-Groups and Out-Groups

6.1.4 Reference Groups

6.2 Group Size and Structure

6.2.1 Dyads, Triads, and Large Groups

6.2.2 Group Leadership

6.2.3 Conformity

6.2.4 The Bystander Effect and Diffusion of Responsibility

6.3 Formal Organizations

6.3.1 Types of Formal Organizations

6.3.2 The McDonaldization of Society

7 Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

7.1 Deviance and Control

7.1.1 Deviance, Crime, and Society

7.1.2 Social Control

7.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime

7.2.1 Functionalism

7.2.2 Conflict Theory

7.2.3 Symbolic Interactionism

7.3 Crime and the Law

7.3.1 Types of Crimes

7.3.2 Crime Statistics

7.3.3 Public Perception of Crime

7.3.4 The U.S. Criminal Justice System

8 Media and Technology

8.1 Technology Today

8.1.1 What Is Technology?

8.2 Media and Technology in Society

8.2.1 Categorizing Technology

8.2.2 Types of Media and Technology

8.2.3 Product Advertising and the Attention Economy

Question	Answer
a snapshot of the demographic profile of a population based on fertility, mortality, and migration rates	population composition
a graphic representation that depicts population distribution according to age and sex	population pyramid
the ratio of men to women in a given population	sex ratio