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Sociology

<OpenstaxParagraph>
	Scholars from a variety of disciplines have strived to classify religions. One widely accepted categorization that helps people understand different belief systems considers what or who people worship (if anything). Using this method of classification, religions might fall into one of these basic categories, as shown in <a href="#import-auto-id2870462">Table 15.1</a>.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxTable id="import-auto-id2870462">
	<OpenstaxThead>
		 
		<OpenstaxTr>
			 
			<OpenstaxTh>
				Religious Classification
			</OpenstaxTh> 
			<OpenstaxTh>
				What/Who Is Divine 
			</OpenstaxTh> 
			<OpenstaxTh>
				Example
			</OpenstaxTh> 
		</OpenstaxTr> 
	</OpenstaxThead>
	<OpenstaxTbody>
		 
		<OpenstaxTr>
			 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				<OpenstaxTerm>Polytheism</OpenstaxTerm>
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Multiple gods
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Belief systems of the ancient Greeks and Romans
			</OpenstaxTd> 
		</OpenstaxTr> 
		<OpenstaxTr>
			 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				<OpenstaxTerm>Monotheism</OpenstaxTerm>
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Single god
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Judaism, Islam
			</OpenstaxTd> 
		</OpenstaxTr> 
		<OpenstaxTr>
			 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				<OpenstaxTerm>Atheism</OpenstaxTerm>
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				No deities
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Atheism
			</OpenstaxTd> 
		</OpenstaxTr> 
		<OpenstaxTr>
			 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				<OpenstaxTerm>Animism</OpenstaxTerm>
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Nonhuman beings (animals, plants, natural world)
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Indigenous nature worship (Shinto)
			</OpenstaxTd> 
		</OpenstaxTr> 
		<OpenstaxTr>
			 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				<OpenstaxTerm>Totemism</OpenstaxTerm>
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Human-natural being connection
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Ojibwa (Native American) beliefs
			</OpenstaxTd> 
		</OpenstaxTr> 
	</OpenstaxTbody>
</OpenstaxTable>
<OpenstaxTableTitle>
	<strong>Table 15.1</strong>  - One way scholars have categorized religions is by classifying what or who they hold to be divine.
</OpenstaxTableTitle>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	Note that some religions may be practiced—or understood—in various categories. For instance, the Christian notion of the Holy Trinity (God, Jesus, Holy Spirit) defies the definition of <OpenstaxTerm>monotheism</OpenstaxTerm>, which is a religion based on belief in a single deity, to some scholars. Similarly, many Westerners view the multiple manifestations of Hinduism’s godhead as <OpenstaxTerm>polytheistic</OpenstaxTerm>, which is a religion based on belief in multiple deities,, while Hindus might describe those manifestations are a monotheistic parallel to the Christian Trinity. Some Japanese practice Shinto, which follows <OpenstaxTerm>animism</OpenstaxTerm>, which is a religion that believes in the divinity of nonhuman beings, like animals, plants, and objects of the natural world, while people who practice <OpenstaxTerm>totemism</OpenstaxTerm> believe in a divine connection between humans and other natural beings.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	It is also important to note that every society also has nonbelievers, such as <OpenstaxTerm>atheists</OpenstaxTerm>, who do not believe in a divine being or entity, and agnostics, who hold that ultimate reality (such as God) is unknowable. While typically not an organized group, atheists and agnostics represent a significant portion of the population. It is important to recognize that being a nonbeliever in a divine entity does not mean the individual subscribes to no morality. Indeed, many Nobel Peace Prize winners and other great humanitarians over the centuries would have classified themselves as atheists or agnostics.
</OpenstaxParagraph>

15.2.2 Types of Religions

1 An Introduction to Sociology

1.1 What Is Sociology?

1.1.1 What Are Society and Culture?

1.1.2 Studying Patterns: How Sociologists View Society

1.1.3 Studying Part and Whole: How Sociologists View Social Structures

1.2 The History of Sociology

1.2.1 Creating a Discipline: European Theorists

1.2.2 Applying the Discipline: American Theorists and Practitioners

1.3 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology

1.3.1 Functionalism

1.3.2 Conflict Theory

1.3.3 Symbolic Interactionist Theory

1.3.4 Sociological Theory Today

1.4 Why Study Sociology?

1.4.1 Sociology and a Better Society

1.4.2 Sociology in the Workplace

2 Sociological Research

2.1 Approaches to Sociological Research

2.1.1 The Scientific Method

2.1.2 Interpretive Framework

2.1.3 Critical Sociology

2.2 Research Methods

2.2.1 Surveys

2.2.2 Field Research

2.2.3 Experiments

2.2.4 Secondary Data Analysis

2.3 Ethical Concerns

3 Culture

3.1 What Is Culture?

3.1.1 Cultural Universals

3.1.2 Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

3.2 Elements of Culture

3.2.1 Values and Beliefs

3.2.2 Norms

3.2.3 Symbols and Culture

3.2.4 Language and Symbols

3.2.5 Language and Culture

3.3 High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change

3.3.1 High, Low, and Popular Culture

3.3.2 Subculture and Counterculture

3.3.3 Cultural Change

3.4 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture

4 Society and Social Interaction

4.1 Types of Societies

4.1.1 Preindustrial Societies

4.1.2 Industrial Society

4.1.3 Postindustrial Society

4.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Society

4.2.1 Émile Durkheim and Functionalism

4.2.2 Karl Marx and Conflict Theory

4.2.3 Max Weber and Symbolic Interactionism

4.3 Social Constructions of Reality

4.3.1 Roles and Status

4.3.2 Presentation of Self

5 Socialization

5.1 Theories of Self-Development

5.1.1 Psychological Perspectives on Self-Development

5.1.2 Sociological Theories of Self-Development

5.2 Why Socialization Matters

5.2.1 Nature versus Nurture

5.3 Agents of Socialization

5.3.1 Social Group Agents

5.3.2 Institutional Agents

5.4 Socialization Across the Life Course

5.4.1 Resocialization

6 Groups and Organization

6.1 Types of Groups

6.1.1 Defining a Group

6.1.2 Types of Groups

6.1.3 In-Groups and Out-Groups

6.1.4 Reference Groups

6.2 Group Size and Structure

6.2.1 Dyads, Triads, and Large Groups

6.2.2 Group Leadership

6.2.3 Conformity

6.2.4 The Bystander Effect and Diffusion of Responsibility

6.3 Formal Organizations

6.3.1 Types of Formal Organizations

6.3.2 The McDonaldization of Society

7 Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

7.1 Deviance and Control

7.1.1 Deviance, Crime, and Society

7.1.2 Social Control

7.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime

7.2.1 Functionalism

7.2.2 Conflict Theory

7.2.3 Symbolic Interactionism

7.3 Crime and the Law

7.3.1 Types of Crimes

7.3.2 Crime Statistics

7.3.3 Public Perception of Crime

7.3.4 The U.S. Criminal Justice System

8 Media and Technology

8.1 Technology Today

8.1.1 What Is Technology?

8.2 Media and Technology in Society

8.2.1 Categorizing Technology

8.2.2 Types of Media and Technology

8.2.3 Product Advertising and the Attention Economy

Question	Answer
the religion that believes in the divinity of nonhuman beings, like animals, plants, and objects of the natural world	animism
the belief in no deities	atheism
a religion based on belief in a single deity	monotheism
a religion based on belief in multiple deities	polytheism
the belief in a divine connection between humans and other natural beings	totemism