Learn Russian: Неужели заводу хватит сырья на целый год? - Will the factory really have enough raw material for a whole year?

This sentence uses the impersonal verb хватить (to be enough). This construction requires the entity experiencing the sufficiency (the factory) to be in the Dative case (заводу) and the thing there is enough of to be in the Genitive case (сырья). Because it's impersonal, there is no nominative subject.

Is хватит present or future tense here?

It is in the future tense. Хватить is a perfective verb, so its conjugated form хватит refers to the future ("will have enough"). If you wanted to say the factory currently has enough in the present tense, you would use the imperfective verb хватать (заводу хватает).

What is the nominative form of сырья?

The nominative form is сырьё (raw material). It is a neuter noun. To form the genitive singular, the ending -ё is replaced by -я, resulting in сырья.

How does неужели change the tone compared to a standard question?

Неужели adds a strong sense of doubt, surprise, or disbelief. While a standard question simply asks for a yes/no fact, starting with неужели changes the nuance to "Is it really possible that..." or "Will they really have enough...?"