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### Actions as Nouns

In Russian, present active participles—words ending in **-щий** describing "the one who is doing [action]"—frequently act as standalone nouns. We call these "substantivized participles."

For instance, **отдыхающий** literally means "the resting [person]," but is used as the noun for "vacationer." Similarly, **управляющий** means "the managing [person]," or "manager."

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### Declining Like Adjectives

Even though these words act as nouns, they still take standard adjective case endings. For example, a masculine participle ending in **-ий** changes to **-его** in the Genitive or Accusative case, and **-ему** in the Dative case.

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### Describing Categories of People

This pattern is very common for categorizing people based on what they do. You will often see these words in the plural to refer to groups, such as smokers (**курящие**), public speakers (**выступающие**), or interested volunteers (**желающие**).

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### Reflexive Participles

If the base verb is reflexive (ending in **-ся** or **-сь**), the participle keeps that particle attached to the very end. 

A common example is **учащийся** (learner), from **учиться** (to study). When declining, the adjective ending changes *before* the **-ся**. Notice how the plural form **учащиеся** combines the adjective ending **-ие** with the reflexive **-ся**.

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### Travel and Work Terminology

You will frequently hear these terms at train stations and airports. Announcements routinely address greeters (**встречающие**) and those seeing people off (**провожающие**). 

In professional contexts, an inspector is often referred to as "the checking one" (**проверяющий**).

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Participles as nouns

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Presentative (это)

Noun gender

Soft-sign nouns (-ь)

Subject pronouns (я, ты, он...)

Yes/no questions (да / нет)

Basic interrogatives (кто / что)

Basic negation (не)

Coordinating conjunctions (и / а)

Possessive pronouns (мой, твой, наш, ваш)

Demonstrative pronouns (этот, эта, это)

Adjective agreement

Which and whose (какой, чей)

First conjugation verbs, singular (-ать)

First conjugation verbs, plural (-ать)

Second conjugation verbs (-ить)

Irregular present tense verbs

Adverbs of manner (как, очень)

Locations in prepositional case (в / на)

Prepositional case modifiers (-ом, -ой)

Topics of speech (о, об)

Direct objects (-у, -ю)

Direct object pronouns (меня, тебя)

Verbs of motion (идти, ехать)

Destination (куда, в, на)

Plural nouns (-ы, -и, -а, -я)

Irregular plural nouns (друзья, дети)

Plural adjectives and pronouns (-ые, -ие)

Numbers 1 to 10 (один, два, три)

Possession with pronouns (у меня есть)

Possession with nouns (-а, -я, -ы, -и)

Genitive of negation (нет)

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Quantities with mass nouns (сколько, много, мало)

Animate direct objects

The past tense of to be (был, была, было, были)

Regular past tense verbs

Time sequence expressions (вчера, завтра, раньше, потом)

Verb aspect in the past tense

Dative personal pronouns (мне, тебе, ему)

Expressing likes (нравится, нравятся)

Absence (нет)

Expressing age (год, года, лет)

Indirect objects (-у, -ю, -е)

Modal verbs (хотеть, мочь)

Reason and contrast (поэтому, но)

Double negation (ничего, никогда)

Reflexive verbs (-ся, -сь)

Polite requests and instructions (-ите, -йте)

Days of the week (в + Accusative)

Compound future tense (буду...)

Simple future tense

Accompaniment (с)

Multidirectional verbs of motion (ходить, ездить)

Greetings and goodbyes (здравствуйте, привет)

Thank you and sorry (спасибо, извините)

Countries and languages (русский, английский)

Meeting people (меня зовут, как дела)

Public transport (трамвай, остановка)

Left, right and the compass (слева, справа)

Places in the city (цирк, зоопарк)

Fruit and vegetables (помидор, огурец)

Post and travel (открытка, чемодан)

Family and relatives (внук, родственник)

Jobs and professions (инженер, продавец)

Sport and games (футбол, теннис)

Describing people (умный, сильный)

Health and the body (болен, здоровье)

The months of the year (январь, февраль)

Accusative feminine and inanimate adjectives (-ую, -юю)

Accusative animate masculine adjectives (-ого, -его)

Short-form adjectives (готов, занят)

Personal obligation (должен, должна)

Professions in the instrumental case

Genitive singular adjectives and possessives

Prepositions of absence and purpose (без, для)

Dative singular adjectives and possessives

Impersonal states (мне холодно)

Impersonal obligation (надо, нужно)

Impersonal permission (можно / нельзя)

Instrumental adjectives and pronouns

Reciprocal verbs (с + Instrumental)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (свой)

Reflexive pronouns (себя)

Specific indefinite pronouns (-то)

Non-specific indefinite pronouns (-нибудь)

Negative pronouns (никто / ничто)

Numbers 11 to 20

Question	Answer
vacationer	отдыхающий
The vacationers now walked along the beach, now slept.	Отдыхающие то гуляли по пляжу, то спали.
This vacationer is sick and will not leave the room.	Этот отдыхающий болен и не выйдет из номера.
manager (property, branch, managing director)	управляющий
The manager is busy, so we will wait.	Управляющий занят, поэтому мы подождём.
We do not have a new manager.	У нас нет нового управляющего.
beginner	начинающий
Beginners often make such mistakes.	Начинающие часто делают такие ошибки.
I was about to help the beginner, but he refused.	Я хотел было помочь начинающему, но он отказался.
smoker	курящий
There are no smokers here, so the air is clean.	Здесь нет курящих, поэтому воздух чистый.
The smokers went out to the street.	Курящие вышли на улицу.
speaker	выступающий
The speaker slightly opened the window in the auditorium.	Выступающий приоткрыл окно в аудитории.
We listened carefully to the speaker.	Мы внимательно слушали выступающего.
volunteer (willing person)	желающий
Those interested can go on the excursion.	Желающие могут пойти на экскурсию.
Are there any interested people among you?	Есть ли среди вас желающие?
learner	учащийся
The learners now read the text, now wrote in the notebooks.	Учащиеся то читали текст, то писали в тетрадях.
This learner is free from exams.	Этот учащийся свободен от экзаменов.
greeter	встречающий
The greeters are waiting for the train on the platform.	Встречающие ждут поезд на платформе.
There is no greeter in the hall.	В зале нет встречающего.
person seeing off	провожающий
Those seeing off must leave the train car.	Провожающие должны покинуть вагон.
Those seeing off sat down for a moment before departure.	Провожающие присели перед отъездом.
inspector (checker, person conducting an inspection)	проверяющий
The inspector found an error in the report.	Проверяющий нашёл ошибку в отчёте.
We waited for the inspector for two hours.	Мы ждали проверяющего два часа.