20:I[42169,["2545","static/chunks/c16f53c3-e5949be40144c808.js","3063","static/chunks/3063-688a03aebc8098fa.js","9469","static/chunks/9469-27824c02330b1987.js","538","static/chunks/538-46f18107b2a6b5af.js","8161","static/chunks/8161-67a15664d344c8d8.js","6786","static/chunks/6786-3c6282ec18dbd4c9.js","9063","static/chunks/9063-3f7b24eee61b9517.js","6747","static/chunks/6747-52a4eb4768a432f2.js","6403","static/chunks/6403-ee9a15085e2144b6.js","8335","static/chunks/app/(dynamic)/%5BcourseSlug%5D/lexicon/%5BitemId%5D/%5BitemSlug%5D/page-67bd7c893b8d248a.js"],"default"] 21:T7e6, Many psychologists conduct research involving animal subjects. Often, these researchers use rodents (Figure 2.22) or birds as the subjects of their experiments—the APA estimates that 90% of all animal research in psychology uses these species (American Psychological Association, n.d.). Because many basic processes in animals are sufficiently similar to those in humans, these animals are acceptable substitutes for research that would be considered unethical in human participants. Figure 2.22 Rats, like the one shown here, often serve as the subjects of animal research. This does not mean that animal researchers are immune to ethical concerns. Indeed, the humane and ethical treatment of animal research subjects is a critical aspect of this type of research. Researchers must design their experiments to minimize any pain or distress experienced by animals serving as research subjects. Whereas IRBs review research proposals that involve human participants, animal experimental propos