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Psychology

<OpenstaxParagraph>
	The ear can be separated into multiple sections. The outer ear includes the <OpenstaxTerm>pinna</OpenstaxTerm>, which is the visible part of the ear that protrudes from our heads, the auditory canal, and the <OpenstaxTerm>tympanic membrane</OpenstaxTerm>, or eardrum. The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the <OpenstaxTerm>ossicles</OpenstaxTerm>, which are named the <OpenstaxTerm>malleus</OpenstaxTerm> (or hammer), <OpenstaxTerm>incus</OpenstaxTerm> (or anvil), and the <OpenstaxTerm>stapes</OpenstaxTerm> (or stirrup). The inner ear contains the semi-circular canals, which are involved in balance and movement (the vestibular sense), and the cochlea. The <OpenstaxTerm>cochlea</OpenstaxTerm> is a fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells (hair cells) of the auditory system (<a href="#Figure_05_04_Ear">Figure 5.18</a>).
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxFigure id="Figure_05_04_Ear" src="https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240226.174525/resources/a9c3727679cfd610ae3120e2ce065dd391af4453" alt="An illustration shows sound waves entering the “auditory canal” and traveling to the inner ear. The locations of the “pinna,” “tympanic membrane (eardrum)” are labeled, as well as parts of the inner ear: the “ossicles” and its subparts, the “malleus,” “incus,” and “stapes.” A callout leads to a close-up illustration of the inner ear that shows the locations of the “semicircular canals,” “uticle,” “oval window,” “saccule,” “cochlea,” and the “basilar membrane and hair cells.”" mediaType="image/jpg" width="975" height="404" />
<OpenstaxFigureText width="975">
	<strong>Figure 5.18</strong> The ear is divided into outer (pinna and tympanic membrane), middle (the three ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes), and inner (cochlea and basilar membrane) divisions.
</OpenstaxFigureText>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	Sound waves travel along the auditory canal and strike the tympanic membrane, causing it to vibrate. This vibration results in movement of the three ossicles. As the ossicles move, the stapes presses into a thin membrane of the cochlea known as the oval window. As the stapes presses into the oval window, the fluid inside the cochlea begins to move, which in turn stimulates <OpenstaxTerm>hair cells</OpenstaxTerm>, which are auditory receptor cells of the inner ear embedded in the basilar membrane. The <OpenstaxTerm>basilar membrane</OpenstaxTerm> is a thin strip of tissue within the cochlea.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	The activation of hair cells is a mechanical process: the stimulation of the hair cell ultimately leads to activation of the cell. As hair cells become activated, they generate neural impulses that travel along the auditory nerve to the brain. Auditory information is shuttled to the inferior colliculus, the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and finally to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe of the brain for processing. Like the visual system, there is also evidence suggesting that information about auditory recognition and localization is processed in parallel streams (Rauschecker &amp; Tian, 2000; Renier et al., 2009).
</OpenstaxParagraph>

5.4.1 Anatomy of the Auditory System

1 Introduction to Psychology

1.1 What Is Psychology?

1.1.1 Why Study Psychology?

1.2 History of Psychology

1.2.1 Wundt and Structuralism

1.2.2 Functionalism

1.2.3 Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory

1.2.4 Wertheimer, Koffka, Köhler, and Gestalt Psychology

1.2.5 Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Behaviorism

1.2.6 Maslow, Rogers, and Humanism

1.2.7 The Cognitive Revolution

1.2.8 Multicultural And Cross-Cultural Psychology

1.2.9 Women in Psychology

1.3 Contemporary Psychology

1.3.1 Biopsychology and Evolutionary Psychology

1.3.2 Sensation and Perception

1.3.3 Cognitive Psychology

1.3.4 Developmental Psychology

1.3.5 Personality Psychology

1.3.6 Social Psychology

1.3.7 Industrial-Organizational Psychology

1.3.8 Health Psychology

1.3.9 Sport and Exercise Psychology

1.3.10 Clinical Psychology

1.3.11 Forensic Psychology

1.4 Careers in Psychology

1.4.1 Other Careers in Academic Settings

1.4.2 Career Options Outside of Academic Settings

2 Psychological Research

2.1 Why Is Research Important?

2.1.1 Use of Research Information

2.1.2 NOTABLE RESEARCHERS

2.1.3 The Process of Scientific Research

2.2 Approaches to Research

2.2.1 Clinical or Case Studies

2.2.2 Naturalistic Observation

2.2.3 Surveys

2.2.4 Archival Research

2.2.5 Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Research

2.3 Analyzing Findings

2.3.1 Correlational Research

2.3.2 Causality: Conducting Experiments and Using the Data

2.3.3 Reliability and Validity

2.4 Ethics

2.4.1 Research Involving Human Participants

2.4.2 Research Involving Animal Subjects

3 Biopsychology

3.1 Human Genetics

3.1.1 Genetic Variation

3.1.2 Gene-Environment Interactions

3.2 Cells of the Nervous System

3.2.1 Neuron Structure

3.2.2 Neuronal Communication

3.2.3 Neurotransmitters and Drugs

3.3 Parts of the Nervous System

3.3.1 Peripheral Nervous System

3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord

3.4.1 The Spinal Cord

3.4.2 The Two Hemispheres

3.4.3 Forebrain Structures

3.4.4 Midbrain and Hindbrain Structures

3.4.5 Brain Imaging

3.5 The Endocrine System

3.5.1 Major Glands

4 States of Consciousness

4.1 What Is Consciousness?

4.1.1 Biological Rhythms

4.1.2 Problems With Circadian Rhythms

4.2 Sleep and Why We Sleep

4.2.1 What is Sleep?

4.2.2 Why Do We Sleep?

4.3 Stages of Sleep

4.3.1 NREM Stages of Sleep

4.3.2 REM Sleep

4.4 Sleep Problems and Disorders

4.4.1 Insomnia

4.4.2 Parasomnias

4.4.3 Sleep Apnea

4.4.4 Narcolepsy

4.5 Substance Use and Abuse

4.5.1 Substance Use Disorders

4.5.2 Drug Categories

4.6 Other States of Consciousness

4.6.1 Hypnosis

4.6.2 Meditation

5 Sensation and Perception

5.1 Sensation versus Perception

5.1.1 Sensation

5.1.2 Perception

5.2 Waves and Wavelengths

5.2.1 Amplitude and Wavelength

5.2.2 Light Waves

5.2.3 Sound Waves

5.3 Vision

5.3.1 Anatomy of the Visual System

5.3.2 Color and Depth Perception

5.4 Hearing

5.4.2 Pitch Perception

5.4.3 Sound Localization

Question	Answer
thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells which serve as the sensory receptors for the auditory system	basilar membrane
fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells of the auditory system	cochlea
middle ear ossicle; also known as the anvil	incus
middle ear ossicle; also known as the hammer	malleus
three tiny bones in the middle ear consisting of the malleus, incus, and stapes	ossicles
visible part of the ear that protrudes from the head	pinna
middle ear ossicle; also known as the stirrup	stapes
eardrum	tympanic membrane