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Psychology

<OpenstaxParagraph>
	<OpenstaxTerm>Sleep apnea</OpenstaxTerm> is defined by episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops. These episodes can last 10–20 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry &amp; Rosenthal, 2013). Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Sánchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, &amp; Barbé, 2012). Anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea.
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he “had three car accidents in six weeks. They were ALL my fault. Two of them I didn’t even know I was involved in until afterwards” (Henry &amp; Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, “I’m in a job where there’s a premium on being mentally alert. I was really sleepy… and having trouble concentrating…. It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary” (Henry &amp; Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52).
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. <OpenstaxTerm>Obstructive sleep apnea</OpenstaxTerm> occurs when an individual’s airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. In <OpenstaxTerm>central sleep apnea</OpenstaxTerm>, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005).
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep. A <OpenstaxTerm>continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)</OpenstaxTerm> device includes a mask that fits over the sleeper’s nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person’s airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown in <a href="#Figure_04_04_CPAP">Figure 4.13</a>. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, &amp; Massie, 2011).
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxFigure id="Figure_04_04_CPAP" src="https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240226.174525/resources/95c0c9ffb69d37ab8dc211dc4a05f183ebd8b23d" alt="Photograph A shows a CPAP device.  Photograph B shows a clear full face CPAP mask attached to a mannequin's head with straps." mediaType="image/jpg" width="732" height="301" />
<OpenstaxFigureText width="732">
	<strong>Figure 4.13</strong> (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth.
</OpenstaxFigureText>
<OpenstaxH3>SIDS</OpenstaxH3>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	In <OpenstaxTerm>sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)</OpenstaxTerm> an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage &amp; Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005).
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (<a href="#Figure_04_04_SIDS">Figure 4.14</a>). For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the child’s household should abstain from smoking in the home. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011).
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxFigure id="Figure_04_04_SIDS" src="https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20240226.174525/resources/ca76f065bb27ba7ddad108be96e67d334cf55999" alt="The “Safe to Sleep” campaign logo shows a baby sleeping and the words “safe to sleep.”" mediaType="image/jpg" width="244" height="124" />
<OpenstaxFigureText width="244">
	<strong>Figure 4.14</strong> The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
</OpenstaxFigureText>

4.4.3 Sleep Apnea

1 Introduction to Psychology

1.1 What Is Psychology?

1.1.1 Why Study Psychology?

1.2 History of Psychology

1.2.1 Wundt and Structuralism

1.2.2 Functionalism

1.2.3 Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory

1.2.4 Wertheimer, Koffka, Köhler, and Gestalt Psychology

1.2.5 Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Behaviorism

1.2.6 Maslow, Rogers, and Humanism

1.2.7 The Cognitive Revolution

1.2.8 Multicultural And Cross-Cultural Psychology

1.2.9 Women in Psychology

1.3 Contemporary Psychology

1.3.1 Biopsychology and Evolutionary Psychology

1.3.2 Sensation and Perception

1.3.3 Cognitive Psychology

1.3.4 Developmental Psychology

1.3.5 Personality Psychology

1.3.6 Social Psychology

1.3.7 Industrial-Organizational Psychology

1.3.8 Health Psychology

1.3.9 Sport and Exercise Psychology

1.3.10 Clinical Psychology

1.3.11 Forensic Psychology

1.4 Careers in Psychology

1.4.1 Other Careers in Academic Settings

1.4.2 Career Options Outside of Academic Settings

2 Psychological Research

2.1 Why Is Research Important?

2.1.1 Use of Research Information

2.1.2 NOTABLE RESEARCHERS

2.1.3 The Process of Scientific Research

2.2 Approaches to Research

2.2.1 Clinical or Case Studies

2.2.2 Naturalistic Observation

2.2.3 Surveys

2.2.4 Archival Research

2.2.5 Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Research

2.3 Analyzing Findings

2.3.1 Correlational Research

2.3.2 Causality: Conducting Experiments and Using the Data

2.3.3 Reliability and Validity

2.4 Ethics

2.4.1 Research Involving Human Participants

2.4.2 Research Involving Animal Subjects

3 Biopsychology

3.1 Human Genetics

3.1.1 Genetic Variation

3.1.2 Gene-Environment Interactions

3.2 Cells of the Nervous System

3.2.1 Neuron Structure

3.2.2 Neuronal Communication

3.2.3 Neurotransmitters and Drugs

3.3 Parts of the Nervous System

3.3.1 Peripheral Nervous System

3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord

3.4.1 The Spinal Cord

3.4.2 The Two Hemispheres

3.4.3 Forebrain Structures

3.4.4 Midbrain and Hindbrain Structures

3.4.5 Brain Imaging

3.5 The Endocrine System

3.5.1 Major Glands

4 States of Consciousness

4.1 What Is Consciousness?

4.1.1 Biological Rhythms

4.1.2 Problems With Circadian Rhythms

4.2 Sleep and Why We Sleep

4.2.1 What is Sleep?

4.2.2 Why Do We Sleep?

4.3 Stages of Sleep

4.3.1 NREM Stages of Sleep

4.3.2 REM Sleep

4.4 Sleep Problems and Disorders

4.4.1 Insomnia

4.4.2 Parasomnias

4.4.4 Narcolepsy

4.5 Substance Use and Abuse

4.5.1 Substance Use Disorders

4.5.2 Drug Categories

4.6 Other States of Consciousness

4.6.1 Hypnosis

4.6.2 Meditation

5 Sensation and Perception

5.1 Sensation versus Perception

5.1.1 Sensation

5.1.2 Perception

5.2 Waves and Wavelengths

5.2.1 Amplitude and Wavelength

5.2.2 Light Waves

5.2.3 Sound Waves

5.3 Vision

5.3.1 Anatomy of the Visual System

5.3.2 Color and Depth Perception

5.4 Hearing

5.4.1 Anatomy of the Auditory System

5.4.2 Pitch Perception

5.4.3 Sound Localization

Question	Answer
sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing	central sleep apnea
device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper’s nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person’s airways, forcing them to remain open	continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway	obstructive sleep apnea
sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep	sleep apnea
infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep	sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)