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Psychology

<OpenstaxParagraph>
	By the end of this section, you will be able to:
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxUl>
	<OpenstaxLi>
		Distinguish between psychotherapy and biomedical therapy
	</OpenstaxLi>
	<OpenstaxLi>
		Recognize various orientations to psychotherapy
	</OpenstaxLi>
	<OpenstaxLi>
		Discuss psychotropic medications and recognize which medications are used to treat specific psychological disorders
	</OpenstaxLi>
</OpenstaxUl>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	One of the goals of therapy is to help a person stop repeating and reenacting destructive patterns and to start looking for better solutions to difficult situations. This goal is reflected in the following poem:
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxBlockquote>
	<OpenstaxParagraph>
		<OpenstaxEm>Autobiography in Five Short Chapters</OpenstaxEm> by Portia Nelson (1993)
	</OpenstaxParagraph>
</OpenstaxBlockquote>
<OpenstaxBlockquote>
	<OpenstaxParagraph>
		Chapter One <OpenstaxBr />I walk down the street. <OpenstaxBr />There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. <OpenstaxBr />I fall in. <OpenstaxBr />I am lost. . . . I am helpless. <OpenstaxBr />It isn't my fault. <OpenstaxBr />It takes forever to find a way out.
	</OpenstaxParagraph>
</OpenstaxBlockquote>
<OpenstaxBlockquote>
	<OpenstaxParagraph>
		Chapter Two <OpenstaxBr />I walk down the same street. <OpenstaxBr />There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. <OpenstaxBr />I pretend I don't see it. <OpenstaxBr />I fall in again. <OpenstaxBr />I can't believe I am in this same place. <OpenstaxBr />But, it isn't my fault. <OpenstaxBr />It still takes a long time to get out.
	</OpenstaxParagraph>
</OpenstaxBlockquote>
<OpenstaxBlockquote>
	<OpenstaxParagraph>
		Chapter Three <OpenstaxBr />I walk down the same street. <OpenstaxBr />There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. <OpenstaxBr />I <OpenstaxEm>see</OpenstaxEm> it is there. <OpenstaxBr />I still fall in . . . it's a habit . . . but, <OpenstaxBr />my eyes are open. <OpenstaxBr />I know where I am. <OpenstaxBr />It is <OpenstaxEm>my</OpenstaxEm> fault. <OpenstaxBr />I get out immediately.
	</OpenstaxParagraph>
</OpenstaxBlockquote>
<OpenstaxBlockquote>
	<OpenstaxParagraph>
		Chapter Four <OpenstaxBr />I walk down the same street. <OpenstaxBr />There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. <OpenstaxBr />I walk around it.
	</OpenstaxParagraph>
</OpenstaxBlockquote>
<OpenstaxBlockquote>
	<OpenstaxParagraph>
		Chapter Five <OpenstaxBr />I walk down another street.
	</OpenstaxParagraph>
</OpenstaxBlockquote>
<OpenstaxParagraph>
	Two types of therapy are psychotherapy and biomedical therapy. Both types of treatment help people with mental health issues, such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. <OpenstaxTerm>Psychotherapy</OpenstaxTerm> is a psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth. In modern practice, it has evolved into what is known as psychodynamic therapy, which will be discussed later. <OpenstaxTerm>Biomedical therapy</OpenstaxTerm> involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders. First, we will explore the various psychotherapeutic orientations outlined in <a href="#Table_16_02_01">Table 16.1</a> (many of these orientations were discussed in the Introduction chapter).
</OpenstaxParagraph>
<OpenstaxTable id="Table_16_02_01">
	<OpenstaxThead>
		 
		<OpenstaxTr>
			 
			<OpenstaxTh>
				Type
			</OpenstaxTh> 
			<OpenstaxTh>
				Description
			</OpenstaxTh> 
			<OpenstaxTh>
				Example
			</OpenstaxTh> 
		</OpenstaxTr> 
	</OpenstaxThead>
	<OpenstaxTbody>
		 
		<OpenstaxTr>
			 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Psychodynamic psychotherapy
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Talk therapy based on belief that the unconscious and childhood conflicts impact behavior
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Patient talks about their past
			</OpenstaxTd> 
		</OpenstaxTr> 
		<OpenstaxTr>
			 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Play therapy
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Psychoanalytical therapy wherein interaction with toys is used instead of talk; used in child therapy
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Patient (child) acts out family scenes with dolls
			</OpenstaxTd> 
		</OpenstaxTr> 
		<OpenstaxTr>
			 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Behavior therapy
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Principles of learning applied to change undesirable behaviors
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Patient learns to overcome fear of elevators through several stages of relaxation techniques
			</OpenstaxTd> 
		</OpenstaxTr> 
		<OpenstaxTr>
			 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Cognitive therapy
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Awareness of cognitive process helps patients eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Patient learns not to overgeneralize failure based on single failure
			</OpenstaxTd> 
		</OpenstaxTr> 
		<OpenstaxTr>
			 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Cognitive-behavioral therapy 
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Work to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors 
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Patient learns to identify self-defeating behaviors to overcome an eating disorder
			</OpenstaxTd> 
		</OpenstaxTr> 
		<OpenstaxTr>
			 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Humanistic therapy
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Increase self-awareness and acceptance through focus on conscious thoughts
			</OpenstaxTd> 
			<OpenstaxTd>
				Patient learns to articulate thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals
			</OpenstaxTd> 
		</OpenstaxTr> 
	</OpenstaxTbody>
</OpenstaxTable>
<OpenstaxTableTitle>
	<strong>Table 16.1</strong> Various Psychotherapy Techniques
</OpenstaxTableTitle>

16.2 Types of Treatment

1 Introduction to Psychology

1.1 What Is Psychology?

1.1.1 Why Study Psychology?

1.2 History of Psychology

1.2.1 Wundt and Structuralism

1.2.2 Functionalism

1.2.3 Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory

1.2.4 Wertheimer, Koffka, Köhler, and Gestalt Psychology

1.2.5 Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Behaviorism

1.2.6 Maslow, Rogers, and Humanism

1.2.7 The Cognitive Revolution

1.2.8 Multicultural And Cross-Cultural Psychology

1.2.9 Women in Psychology

1.3 Contemporary Psychology

1.3.1 Biopsychology and Evolutionary Psychology

1.3.2 Sensation and Perception

1.3.3 Cognitive Psychology

1.3.4 Developmental Psychology

1.3.5 Personality Psychology

1.3.6 Social Psychology

1.3.7 Industrial-Organizational Psychology

1.3.8 Health Psychology

1.3.9 Sport and Exercise Psychology

1.3.10 Clinical Psychology

1.3.11 Forensic Psychology

1.4 Careers in Psychology

1.4.1 Other Careers in Academic Settings

1.4.2 Career Options Outside of Academic Settings

2 Psychological Research

2.1 Why Is Research Important?

2.1.1 Use of Research Information

2.1.2 NOTABLE RESEARCHERS

2.1.3 The Process of Scientific Research

2.2 Approaches to Research

2.2.1 Clinical or Case Studies

2.2.2 Naturalistic Observation

2.2.3 Surveys

2.2.4 Archival Research

2.2.5 Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Research

2.3 Analyzing Findings

2.3.1 Correlational Research

2.3.2 Causality: Conducting Experiments and Using the Data

2.3.3 Reliability and Validity

2.4 Ethics

2.4.1 Research Involving Human Participants

2.4.2 Research Involving Animal Subjects

3 Biopsychology

3.1 Human Genetics

3.1.1 Genetic Variation

3.1.2 Gene-Environment Interactions

3.2 Cells of the Nervous System

3.2.1 Neuron Structure

3.2.2 Neuronal Communication

3.2.3 Neurotransmitters and Drugs

3.3 Parts of the Nervous System

3.3.1 Peripheral Nervous System

3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord

3.4.1 The Spinal Cord

3.4.2 The Two Hemispheres

3.4.3 Forebrain Structures

3.4.4 Midbrain and Hindbrain Structures

3.4.5 Brain Imaging

3.5 The Endocrine System

3.5.1 Major Glands

4 States of Consciousness

4.1 What Is Consciousness?

4.1.1 Biological Rhythms

4.1.2 Problems With Circadian Rhythms

4.2 Sleep and Why We Sleep

4.2.1 What is Sleep?

4.2.2 Why Do We Sleep?

4.3 Stages of Sleep

4.3.1 NREM Stages of Sleep

4.3.2 REM Sleep

4.4 Sleep Problems and Disorders

4.4.1 Insomnia

4.4.2 Parasomnias

4.4.3 Sleep Apnea

4.4.4 Narcolepsy

4.5 Substance Use and Abuse

4.5.1 Substance Use Disorders

4.5.2 Drug Categories

4.6 Other States of Consciousness

4.6.1 Hypnosis

4.6.2 Meditation

5 Sensation and Perception

5.1 Sensation versus Perception

5.1.1 Sensation

5.1.2 Perception

5.2 Waves and Wavelengths

5.2.1 Amplitude and Wavelength

5.2.2 Light Waves

5.2.3 Sound Waves

5.3 Vision

5.3.1 Anatomy of the Visual System

5.3.2 Color and Depth Perception

5.4 Hearing

5.4.1 Anatomy of the Auditory System

5.4.2 Pitch Perception

Question	Answer
treatment that involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders	biomedical therapy
(also, psychodynamic psychotherapy) psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth	psychotherapy