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Portuguese (Portugal)

In English, we say we dream *about* the future, but participate *in* a project. Portuguese verbs also require specific prepositions to connect to their objects. These pairings do not always translate word-for-word, so it is best to learn the verb and its preposition together.

Many verbs related to personal goals and adapting are also reflexive, meaning they require a pronoun (**me**, **te**, **se**, **nos**) that matches the subject.

### Dreaming with "com"

In English, we dream *about* things. In Portuguese, you dream *with* (**com**) them.

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### Applying to "a"

To apply for a position or program, use the reflexive verb **candidatar-se** followed by the preposition **a** (to). Remember that **a** contracts with the articles and demonstratives that follow it (e.g., **a** + **aquele** = **àquele**, **a** + **o** = **ao**).

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### Participating and Concentrating with "em"

For involvement and focus, Portuguese uses **em** (in/on). This preposition always contracts with the articles that follow it (e.g., **em** + **um** = **num**, **em** + **o** = **no**).

- **participar em**: to participate in
- **concentrar-se em**: to concentrate on

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### Adapting to "a"

To express getting used to a new situation, use the reflexive verb **habituar-se** followed by **a**.

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### Worrying with "com"

Just like dreaming, when you worry *about* something, use the reflexive verb **preocupar-se** with **com** (with).

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### Needing "de"

While the English verb "to need" takes a direct object, the Portuguese verb **precisar** requires the preposition **de** (of) before the thing or action that is needed.

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Verbs with prepositions

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
to dream	sonhar
the master's degree	o mestrado
The student will dream about the master's degree.	O aluno sonhará com o mestrado.
I always dream about a better future.	Eu sonho sempre com um futuro melhor.
to apply	candidatar-se
the position	o cargo
Are you applying for that position tomorrow?	Candidatas-te àquele cargo amanhã?
She will not apply for the position.	Ela não se candidatará ao cargo.
to participate	participar
the challenge	o desafio
We will participate in an incredible challenge.	Nós participaremos num desafio incrível.
I do not need to participate in the project.	Eu não preciso de participar no projeto.
to concentrate	concentrar-se
Do you concentrate on your master's degree?	Concentras-te no teu mestrado?
He needs to concentrate on the work.	Ele precisa de concentrar-se no trabalho.
to get used to	habituar-se
I never get used to this city.	Nunca me habituo a esta cidade.
They want to get used to the new office.	Eles querem habituar-se ao novo escritório.
to worry	preocupar-se
We always worry about money.	Preocupamo-nos sempre com o dinheiro.
the dream	o sonho
Do you not worry about your dream?	Não te preocupas com o teu sonho?
That challenge will need a lot of effort.	Aquele desafio precisará de muito esforço.
We need a dream.	Nós precisamos de um sonho.