Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

Portuguese (Portugal)

### Introduction to the Subjunctive

In Portuguese, the subjunctive mood expresses subjectivity, doubt, emotions, desires, and necessity. You will frequently use the present subjunctive after impersonal expressions of necessity, such as **é preciso que** and **é necessário que** (both meaning "it is necessary that").

### Forming the Present Subjunctive

For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by taking the *eu* (I) form of the present indicative, dropping the final *-o*, and adding the "opposite" vowel endings:

- **-ar** verbs take **-e** endings.
- **-er** and **-ir** verbs take **-a** endings.

| Subject | -ar verbs (e.g., respeitar) | -er / -ir verbs (e.g., perder) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Eu / Ele / Ela / Você | respeit**e** | perc**a** |
| Tu | respeit**es** | perc**as** |
| Nós | respeit**emos** | perc**amos** |
| Eles / Elas / Vocês | respeit**em** | perc**am** |

Some highly irregular verbs have their own unique stems in the subjunctive. For example, the verb **ser** (to be) becomes **seja** for *eu / ele / ela / você*.

### Workplace Rules and Necessity

When stating rules or requirements, pair your expression of necessity with a subjunctive verb.

{{item:999512}}

{{item:999516}}

{{item:999519}}

{{item:999528}}

To express a negative requirement (what someone *must not* do), just put **não** immediately before the subjunctive verb.

{{item:999525}}

{{item:999526}}

Present subjunctive: Necessity (é preciso que)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
to respect	respeitar
the regulation	o regulamento
It is necessary that each employee respect the regulation.	É preciso que cada funcionário respeite o regulamento.
necessary	necessário
the supervisor	o supervisor
strict	rigoroso
It is necessary that the supervisor respect the strict regulation.	É necessário que o supervisor respeite o regulamento rigoroso.
the uniform	o uniforme
appropriate	adequado
It is necessary that you wear the appropriate uniform.	É preciso que uses o uniforme adequado.
to control	controlar
It is necessary that the supervisor control the project.	É necessário que o supervisor controle o projeto.
punctual	pontual
The strict supervisor is very punctual.	O supervisor rigoroso é muito pontual.
the badge	o crachá
It is necessary that you do not lose the badge.	É preciso que não percas o crachá.
It is necessary that they do not leave anything on the desk.	É necessário que eles não deixem nada na secretária.
It is necessary that you respect the schedule.	É preciso que respeites o horário.
It is necessary that the employee be punctual.	É necessário que o funcionário seja pontual.
We need to respect the regulation.	Nós precisamos de respeitar o regulamento.
The employee always wears the badge.	O funcionário usa sempre o crachá.
The uniform is not appropriate for the meeting.	O uniforme não é adequado para a reunião.
It is necessary that the supervisor controls the schedule.	É preciso que o supervisor controle o horário.