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Portuguese (Portugal)

In Portuguese, we use different phrases to explain *why* things happen depending on whether the cause is negative or positive.

### Por causa de

To say "because of" or "due to", use **por causa de**. It is typically used for negative or neutral reasons. Since it ends with the preposition **de**, it contracts with definite articles (**do**, **da**, **dos**, **das**).

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### Graças a

For positive outcomes, use **graças a** ("thanks to"). Because it ends with the preposition **a**, it contracts with definite articles (**ao**, **à**, **aos**, **às**).

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### Using Pronouns

Both phrases can be used directly with pronouns, such as **ti**, instead of a noun.

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Phrases of cause (por causa de, graças a)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
to go bankrupt	falir
because of (due to)	por causa de
the debt	a dívida
The company went bankrupt because of the huge debt.	A empresa faliu por causa da dívida enorme.
thanks to	graças a
the funding	o financiamento
the investor	o investidor
The project was a success thanks to the investor's funding.	O projeto foi um sucesso graças ao financiamento do investidor.
the founder	o fundador
the failure (lack of success)	o fracasso
The founder has just confessed the failure because of the crisis.	O fundador acabou de confessar o fracasso por causa da crise.
the innovation	a inovação
Thanks to the innovation, the founder of the company became extremely rich.	Graças à inovação, o fundador da empresa ficou riquíssimo.
the bankruptcy	a falência
They went bankrupt and the bankruptcy was an awful failure.	Eles faliram e a falência foi um fracasso péssimo.
Because of the risk, the investor refused the funding.	Por causa do risco, o investidor recusou o financiamento.
Thanks to you, he paid the debt and the innovation continued.	Graças a ti, ele pagou a dívida e a inovação continuou.
The factory went bankrupt yesterday because of the bank's bankruptcy.	A fábrica faliu ontem por causa da falência do banco.
They have just asked for funding because of the extremely high debt.	Eles acabaram de pedir financiamento por causa da dívida altíssima.
Thanks to the new investor, the business did not go bankrupt after the failure.	Graças ao investidor novo, o negócio não faliu depois do fracasso.