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Portuguese (Portugal)

### No One in Particular

When a statement is about people in general, Portuguese uses **é + adjective + infinitive** — no *que*, no subject:

| | |
|---|---|
| **É difícil** aprender uma língua nova. | It is hard to learn a new language. |
| **É fácil** chegar lá de metro. | It is easy to get there by metro. |
| **É bom** comer fruta. | It is good to eat fruit. |

Compare the lesson you just did: *É bom QUE comas fruta* aims at a specific person and needs the subjunctive. Drop the *que* and the person, and the plain infinitive does the job.

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### The Two Frozen Ones

**é preciso** (it is necessary) and **é proibido** (it is forbidden) work the same way and are worth learning as units — they are the language of signs and rules:

| | |
|---|---|
| **É preciso** pagar aqui. | You need to pay here. |
| **É proibido** fumar. | No smoking. |

With a noun, *é preciso* still works: *É preciso um casaco.*


As expressões impessoais (é preciso, é proibido)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
it is necessary	é preciso
You need to pay here.	É preciso pagar aqui.
A coat is needed at night.	É preciso um casaco à noite.
It is hard to learn a new language.	É difícil aprender uma língua nova.
It is easy to get there by metro.	É fácil chegar lá de metro.
It is good to eat fruit every day.	É bom comer fruta todos os dias.
It is expensive to travel in August.	É caro viajar em agosto.
it is forbidden	é proibido
Smoking is forbidden in the restaurant.	É proibido fumar no restaurante.
Taking photos is forbidden in the museum.	É proibido tirar fotografias no museu.

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