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### The Reflexive Possessive Pronoun: *swój*

In Polish, **swój** is a special possessive pronoun meaning "one's own". It is used whenever the item being described belongs to the **subject** of the sentence.

For the third person (he/she/they), using **swój** is essential. If you say "he took *his* laptop" using the regular pronoun (*jego*), it implies he took *another man's* laptop! To say he took his *own* laptop, you must use **swój**. For "I" and "you", it translates to "my own" or "your own", and is very commonly used instead of *mój* or *twój*.

### Masculine Forms of *swój*

The pronoun **swój** shares the exact same ending patterns as **mój** and **twój**. For masculine inanimate objects (like *laptop* or *zegarek*), the form is **swój** in both the Nominative (subject) and Accusative (direct object) cases.

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Using **swój** is a great way to clearly contrast the subject's own belongings with someone else's.

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### Feminine Forms of *swój*

For feminine nouns, the forms also mirror the patterns you already know:
- Nominative (Subject): **swoja** (like *moja*)
- Accusative (Direct Object): **swoją** (like *moją*)

When a feminine item belonging to the subject is the direct object of a verb, use **swoją**.

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### Listing Multiple Items

When listing several of the subject's belongings, you only need to use the possessive pronoun once at the beginning of the list. The pronoun simply matches the gender and case of the **first** noun it sits next to, even if the later items have a different gender.

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In the sentence above, **swoją** matches the feminine *ładowarka*, but its meaning carries over to the masculine *słownik*. If the first word in the list is masculine, you use **swój**.

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Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Question	Answer
to leave behind (perfective)	zostawić
laptop	laptop
Yesterday he left his new laptop.	Wczoraj zostawił swój nowy laptop.
to lend / to borrow (perfective)	pożyczyć
I will lend you my laptop tomorrow, because you left yours.	Jutro pożyczę ci mój laptop, bo zostawiłeś swój.
watch	zegarek
Why is he wearing my watch, and not his own?	Dlaczego nosi mój zegarek, a nie swój?
umbrella	parasol
coat	płaszcz
The woman took her umbrella, coat and phone.	Kobieta wzięła swój parasol, płaszcz i telefon.
charger	ładowarka
My brother has a new umbrella, but he left his charger.	Mój brat ma nowy parasol, ale zostawił swoją ładowarkę.
dictionary	słownik
Will you lend me your charger and dictionary for the weekend?	Czy pożyczysz mi swoją ładowarkę i słownik na weekend?
The teacher is reading his new dictionary and drinking hot coffee.	Nauczyciel czyta swój nowy słownik i pije gorącą kawę.
cap	czapka
scarf	szalik
She took her new cap and scarf.	Ona wzięła swoją nową czapkę i szalik.
The girl left her scarf, so I will lend her mine.	Dziewczyna zostawiła swój szalik, więc pożyczę jej mój.
You have your coat, watch and cap, and where is my luggage?	Masz swój płaszcz, zegarek i czapkę, a gdzie jest mój bagaż?