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### Motion beyond limits

We use **poza** with the instrumental case to describe a static location (being outside a boundary). However, when describing *movement* to a destination beyond a limit, **poza** takes the **accusative** case.

For neuter nouns like **królestwo** (kingdom) and masculine inanimate nouns like **mur** (wall), the accusative form is identical to the nominative.

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For feminine nouns ending in **-a**, such as **jaskinia** (cave), change the final **-a** to **-ę**.

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### Plural boundaries

This rule also applies to plural limits, like mountains (**góry**). For non-masculine-personal nouns, the accusative plural is identical to the nominative plural.

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Whether you are taking a dragon outside the realm or venturing beyond a border to find magic, motion across a boundary always requires **poza** with the accusative case.

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Motion outside limits (poza)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
knight	rycerz
to set out	wyruszyć
kingdom	królestwo
The knight set out beyond the kingdom.	Rycerz wyruszył poza królestwo.
Nobody went beyond the kingdom.	Nikt nie poszedł poza królestwo.
wizard	czarodziej
When did the wizard set out beyond the mountains?	Kiedy czarodziej wyruszył poza góry?
The kings should set out beyond the castle.	Królowie powinni wyruszyć poza zamek.
magic	magia
Thanks to five knights, the magic works.	Dzięki pięciu rycerzom magia działa.
to throw (perfective)	rzucić
shield	tarcza
sword	miecz
wall (freestanding, brick or stone)	mur
My knight threw the shield and the sword beyond the wall.	Mój rycerz rzucił tarczę i miecz poza mur.
Wizard, will you take him beyond the forest?	Czarodzieju, czy zabierzesz go poza las?
We ran up to the castle, but we did not go beyond the wall.	Podbiegliśmy do zamku, ale nie poszliśmy poza mur.
dragon	smok
The dragon flew beyond the high wall.	Smok poleciał poza wysoki mur.
cave	jaskinia
Two knights went into the cave.	Dwóch rycerzy poszło do jaskini.
The dragon flew up to the cave.	Smok podleciał do jaskini.
The wizard started to read an old book.	Czarodziej zaczął czytać starą książkę.
Your sword is the same as mine.	Twój miecz jest taki sam jak mój.
You should throw the shield beyond the wall.	Powinieneś rzucić tarczę poza mur.
They took the dragon beyond the kingdom.	Zabrali smoka poza królestwo.
The wizard went beyond the cave.	Czarodziej poszedł poza jaskinię.
Did he throw the sword beyond the kingdom?	Czy on rzucił miecz poza królestwo?
The knight set out beyond the kingdom to find magic.	Rycerz wyruszył poza królestwo, aby znaleźć magię.
treasure (skarbie: darling)	skarb
The dragon guards the treasure in the cave.	Smok pilnuje skarbu w jaskini.
The knight found the treasure under the wall.	Rycerz znalazł skarb pod murem.

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