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### The Accusative Case (Direct Objects)

When a person or thing receives the action of a verb—like *buying* soup or *eating* pizza—it becomes the **direct object**. In Polish, direct objects take the **Accusative** case, meaning their endings change.

Here is how **feminine singular** nouns and adjectives change.

### Feminine Nouns and Adjectives

In their basic dictionary form, almost all feminine nouns and adjectives end in **-a**. When they become a direct object:

- **Nouns** change **-a** to **-ę** (*zupa* → *zupę*).
- **Adjectives** change **-a** to **-ą** (*smaczna* → *smaczną*).

Compare the basic form (subject):

{{item:941921}}

To the Accusative form (direct object):

{{item:941924}}

### Ordering Food and Drinks

You will use the Accusative case constantly with verbs like **zamawiać** (to order), **jeść** (to eat), and **chcieć** (to want).

Basic form:

{{item:941926}}

Direct object:

{{item:941928}}

More examples of feminine foods taking the **-ą** and **-ę** endings:

{{item:941932}}

{{item:941935}}

{{item:941936}}

### Other Common Verbs

The Accusative case applies to most verbs that act on an object. For example, **znać** (to know) turns *nowa restauracja* (a new restaurant) into *nową restaurację*:

{{item:941939}}

Feminine drinks like *kawa* (coffee) and *herbata* (tea) follow the exact same rule with **pić** (to drink):

{{item:941941}}

{{item:941942}}

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Question	Answer
soup	zupa
This soup is very good.	Ta zupa jest bardzo dobra.
to buy	kupować
tasty	smaczny
I am buying a tasty soup.	Kupuję smaczną zupę.
pizza	pizza
This is a hot pizza.	To jest gorąca pizza.
to order	zamawiać
I am ordering a hot pizza.	Zamawiam gorącą pizzę.
What is the gentleman ordering?	Co pan zamawia?
to eat	jeść
salad	sałatka
The woman is eating a tasty salad.	Kobieta je smaczną sałatkę.
Are you eating a salad today?	Czy jesz dzisiaj sałatkę?
sandwich	kanapka
The child wants a small sandwich.	Dziecko chce małą kanapkę.
We are buying cold water and a large sandwich.	Kupujemy zimną wodę i dużą kanapkę.
restaurant	restauracja
Do you know a good restaurant?	Czy znasz dobrą restaurację?
Do you know a new restaurant, ma'am?	Czy zna pani nową restaurację?
black	czarny
The man is drinking black coffee.	Mężczyzna pije czarną kawę.
She always drinks black tea.	Ona zawsze pije czarną herbatę.