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### Declining Verbal Nouns

Because verbal nouns ending in **-nie** and **-cie** are neuter, they decline exactly like regular neuter nouns ending in **-e** (such as *mieszkanie*).

In the nominative (subject) and accusative (direct object) cases, the ending stays exactly the same.

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### The Genitive Case and Purpose

When a neuter noun ending in **-e** takes the genitive case, the ending changes to **-a**. This means *malowanie* becomes *malowania*, and *rzeźbienie* (sculpting) becomes *rzeźbienia*.

You will frequently use the genitive case of verbal nouns with the preposition **do** to express the purpose of an object (what it is "for").

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### The Instrumental Case

To form the instrumental case for these nouns, replace the **-e** with **-em** (for example, *rysowanie* becomes *rysowaniem*). 

This case is essential when talking about your hobbies or professions using reflexive verbs like *interesować się* (to be interested in) and *zajmować się* (to occupy oneself with / to deal with).

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### The Locative Case

When you are talking *about* an activity (using the preposition **o**) or describing something that happens *in* an activity (using **w**), you need the locative case. For neuter nouns ending in **-e**, the locative ending is **-u** (*malowaniu*, *rzeźbieniu*).

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### Art Supplies and Materials

Now you can combine your knowledge of verbal noun cases with physical vocabulary for creating art, such as *płótno* (canvas), *paleta* (palette), and *glina* (clay).

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Declining verbal nouns

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
painting (action)	malowanie
drawing	rysowanie
Do you prefer painting or drawing?	Wolisz malowanie czy rysowanie?
paint	farba
brush	pędzel
for (purpose)	do
I am going to get paints and a new brush for painting.	Idę po farby i nowy pędzel do malowania.
canvas	płótno
palette	paleta
The canvas and the palette are lying on the table.	Płótno i paleta leżą na stole.
She is interested in drawing and art.	Ona interesuje się rysowaniem i sztuką.
to sculpt	rzeźbić
clay	glina
He likes to sculpt in clay.	On lubi rzeźbić w glinie.
sculpture	rzeźba
The artist is making a sculpture out of clay.	Artysta robi rzeźbę z gliny.
sculpting	rzeźbienie
In sculpting, patience is important.	W rzeźbieniu ważna jest cierpliwość.
I am buying a clean canvas, paints, and a new palette.	Kupuję czyste płótno, farby i nową paletę.
Are we talking about drawing or painting?	Rozmawiamy o rysowaniu czy o malowaniu?
I have to sculpt every day, although I am tired.	Muszę rzeźbić codziennie, chociaż jestem zmęczony.
For sculpting, you need a lot of strength.	Do rzeźbienia trzeba dużo siły.
My grandfather occupies himself with sculpting in wood.	Mój dziadek zajmuje się rzeźbieniem w drewnie.
A beautiful stone sculpture is located in the museum.	W muzeum znajduje się piękna rzeźba z kamienia.
I need a new brush for painting.	Do malowania potrzebuję nowego pędzla.